ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1989.10738123

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Rational weight loss programs include the components of diet, exercise, and behavioral or psychological therapy. The Time Calorie Displacement (TCD) program at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) is discussed as a prototype for weight-reduction programs.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1989.10720293

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Iron deficiency in active men is well documented. To assess the relative importance of dietary iron intake, iron absorption, and iron loss in the pathogenesis of this iron deficiency, we compared a group of iron-deficient athletes to a group with normal iron stores. Iron absorption was assessed by an iron tolerance test. Serum haptoglobin was used as a measure of hemolysis. The presence of hemoglobinuria reflected urinary iron loss. Iron intake was determined by a 3-day dietary record as well as a food frequency questionnaire. Results showed iron absorption to be inversely correlated with iron stores. Iron-deficient athletes had higher absorption, suggesting a normal regulation mechanism. Major hemolysis (serum haptoglobin below 40 mg/dl) was found in 28% of subjects with no relationship to iron stores. No hemoglobinuria was detected after a usual training session. Iron intake was elevated in relation to high caloric intake, but iron intake in the form of meat was lower in iron-deficient athletes, as compared to those with normal or repleted iron stores. It is our opinion that inadequate iron intake is an important determinant of iron deficiency in athletes.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1989.10720294

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BAL), and lung parenchyma were analyzed for vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations in three groups of patients routinely receiving oxygen therapy–two with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS and SARDS), a third with pneumonia (PNEU), as well as a fourth group of patients receiving little or no oxygen therapy (OTHER). Only plasma alpha- and gamma-tocopherols were significantly lower in patients receiving oxygen therapy compared to those not requiring oxygen. Among diagnosis groups, PNEU patients exhibited highest levels of alpha-tocopherol in BAL, though all groups on oxygen had greater amounts of alpha-tocopheryl quinone in BAL as compared to those of the OTHER group. No significant differences in BAL measures were observed between oxygen and non-oxygen groups, however. No statistical tests on lung measures could be performed between these groups because of insufficient sampling for the OTHER group. A highly significant relationship was observed (r = +0.73, p less than 0.004) between plasma vitamin E and lung vitamin E when expressed in terms of PUFA, whereas no significant relationship was observed if plasma vitamin E and lung vitamin E levels were compared directly. No relationship was obtained for BAL alpha-tocopherol (expressed per number of cells) and lung alpha-tocopherol. These findings support previous reports that in an appropriate setting plasma vitamin E:PUFA ratios along with smoking status may be used to evaluate lung vitamin E levels when also expressed in terms of PUFA.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1989.10720295

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Plasma volume and plasma protein were measured on days 5, 12, 19, and 21 of gestation in rats fed 25% casein either ad libitum or 55% food restricted, or fed 6% casein ad libitum (protein restricted). Both forms of undernutrition prevented the large increase in plasma volume observed in well-fed rats by day 19. The pattern of plasma volume change, with maximum mean values on day 19 (compared to the other measurement days), was not altered by undernutrition. Differences in plasma protein concentration or total circulating protein did not explain plasma volume changes.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1989.10720296

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Early fetal growth delay (7-14 weeks of gestation) has been reported in insulin-dependent diabetic (IDD) pregnancies and in several animal models. Macrosomia is a classic feature of the infant of the IDD mother. We hypothesized therefore that a biphasic pattern of fetal growth exists in IDD pregnancies. We compared fetal growth measurements [biparietal diameter (BPD) and abdominal circumference (AC)] obtained sonographically from 106 IDD pregnancies (Class B-RT) to similar data obtained from 117 normal, nondiabetic patients. The goals for diabetic glycemic control were: fasting blood sugar less than or equal to 100 mg/dl and postprandial blood sugar less than 140 mg/dl. From one to five ultrasonographic measurements were performed at varying gestational ages in all study patients. For data analysis, one examination from each pregnancy was randomly selected by computer. Gestational age (GA) was calculated from last menstrual period and corroborated by infant physical examination (Ballard score) at birth. BPD growth pattern was biphasic in the diabetic group, described by a cubic equation: BPD = 4.99 - 0.567GA + 0.037(GA)2 - 0.0005(GA)3, R2 = 0.935. Such a biphasic pattern did not exist in the control population [BPD = -3.0323 + 0.473(gestation) - (−0.0040)(gestation)2, R2 = 0.9173]. Early growth delay was greater in fetuses that subsequently developed macrosomia (p less than 0.01). Similar results were found for AC measurements. We conclude that fetal growth delay occurs in the first half of the IDD pregnancy, followed by a phase of increased growth. The mechanism of the early growth delay is unclear. We speculate that early growth delay may be due to a“toxic”effect of glucose or other metabolite; and subsequent increased growth relates to fetal hyperinsulinism which develops from weeks 15 to 20 of gestation.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1989.10720297

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

It is not known whether the variability of the glycemic index (GI) in different subjects is due to within- or between-individual variation. In addition, it is not known how large a difference in GI between different meals is clinically important for individuals with diabetes. Therefore, insulin-dependent (IDDM) and non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM) diabetic subjects tested four foods, with each food taken by each subject on two separate occasions. For each food, most of the variation of absolute glycemic responses was due to differences between the subjects. However, when the results were expressed as the GI, there were no significant differences between the subjects, and most of the variation was due to within-individual variation. Using the within-individual variance, we estimated the so-called“predictive difference”of GI values. Its reliability was assessed by consideration of published data from eight studies where different mixed meals were taken by the same group of subjects. There were 37 cases where the difference between the GI of any two meals was greater than the predictive difference. Of these 37 pairs of meals, the GI correctly ranked the glycemic responses in 36 (97%). We conclude that GI values for the same food do not vary significantly between different individuals. For a subject with NIDDM a difference in GI of 34 will predict the ranking of glycemic responses of two meals with 95% probability. The corresponding value for a subject with IDDM is 50.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1989.10720298

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1989.10720299

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1989.10720300

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1989.10738125

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor