摘要:

This review of corn oil provides a scientific assessment of the current knowledge of its contribution to the American diet. Refined corn oil is composed of 99% triacylglycerols with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 59%, monounsaturated fatty acid 24%, and saturated fatty acid (SFA) 13%. The PUFA is linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) primarily, with a small amount of linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) giving a n-6/n-3 ratio of 83. Corn oil contains a significant amount of ubiquinone and high amounts of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols (vitamin E) that protect it from oxidative rancidity. It has good sensory qualities for use as a salad and cooking oil. Corn oil is highly digestible and provides energy and essential fatty acids (EFA). Linoleic acid is a dietary essential that is necessary for integrity of the skin, cell membranes, the immune system, and for synthesis of icosanoids. Icosanoids are necessary for reproductive, cardiovascular, renal, and gastrointestinal functions and resistance to disease. Corn oil is a highly effective food oil for lowering serum cholesterol. Because of its low content of SFAs which raises cholesterol and its high content of PUFAs which lowers cholesterol, consumption of corn oil can replace SFAs with PUFAs, and the combination is more effective in lowering cholesterol than simple reduction of SFA. PUFA primarily lowers low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) which is atherogenic. Research shows that PUFA has little effect on high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) which is protective against atherosclerosis. PUFA generally improves the ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C. Studies in animals show that PUFA is required for the growth of cancers; the amount required is considered to be greater than that which satisfies the EFA requirement of the host. At this time there is no indication from epidemiological studies that PUFA intake is associated with increased risk of breast or colon cancer, which have been suggested to be promoted by high-fat diets in humans. Recommendations for minimum PUFA intake to prevent gross EFA deficiency are about 3% of energy (en%). Recommendations for prevention of heart disease are 8-10 en%. Consumption of PUFA in the United States is 5-7 en%. The use of corn oil to contribute to a PUFA intake of 10 en% in the diet would be beneficial to heart health. No single source of salad or cooking oil provides an optimum fatty acid (FA) composition. Many questions remain to be answered about the relation of FA composition of the diet to various physiological functions and disease processes.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1990.10720403

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Since actual consumption data for trans fatty acid (FA) intakes for the U.S. population do not exist, estimates of trans fatty acids (FAs) available in the U.S. food supply have been calculated from U.S. Department of Agriculture-Economic Research Service (USDA-ERS) fats and oils production figures and food disappearance data for fats and oils. Based on weighted averages for the trans levels in each fats and oils category, these estimates of trans FAs available in the U.S. food supply range from 12.5 to 15.2 g/person/day (average 13.3 +/- 1.1 g/person/day). Estimates of trans FA consumption have been calculated; these estimates predict a wide range from 1.6 to 38.7 g/person/day. These calculations are based on published estimates of trans FAs available in the total fat of 5-15%, and the total fat intake (range 31-258 g/person/day) of a representative sample of adults (ages 20-59) as determined by the Lipid Research Clinics (LRC). Using an equation based on a relationship between trans FAs in adipose tissue and dietary fat, an intake range of 0.7-28.7 g/person/day trans FAs for the same LRC fat consumption data can be predicted. Adipose tissue isomer profiles that indicate 90-95% of the trans FAs in the tissues comes from partially hydrogenated vegetable fats and oils allow us to predict a dietary intake range from 11.1 to 27.6 g/person/day trans FAs. The significance of these estimates to nutrition policy is discussed.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1990.10720404

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Zinc acetate is becoming a well-established therapy for the treatment of Wilson's disease. It is excellent for maintenance therapy and for the treatment of the presymptomatic patient. Current evidence suggests that it will also be excellent for the treatment of the pregnant patient. Zinc acts by inducing intestinal cell metallothionein, which binds copper with high affinity, blocking its absorption, and causing its excretion in the stool. We have shown that zinc, even in doses as low as 25 mg daily, negatively affects copper balance. Zinc in doses of 50 mg three times daily, with all doses separated from food, controls the abnormal positive copper balance, blocks uptake of orally administered 64Cu, controls urine and plasma copper, prevents the reaccumulation of hepatic copper, and prevents the development or progression of symptoms of copper toxicosis in Wilson's disease patients. Zinc acetate will probably be licensed in the near future for the treatment of Wilson's disease. We recommend that physicians use urine and plasma copper, and urine zinc, as primary monitoring tools. In contrast to the comfortable situation with maintenance therapy, the initial treatment of acutely ill Wilson's disease patients is not well worked out. Patients with neurological disease often get worse initially on penicillamine, and zinc acts more slowly than is ideal. We have initiated studies of tetrathiomolybdate for this purpose. Studies of biliary secretions of normal subjects suggest that they excrete regulatory (excess) copper packaged in a protease-resistant ceruloplasmin fragment. This fragment is missing in Wilson's disease bile. The gene for Wilson's disease is on chromosome 13, close to the retinoblastoma locus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1990.10720405

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The efficacy of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) infusion in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias was evaluated in 10 normomagnesemic patients: seven men and three women, aged 56-78 years (mean +/- SD, 63.8 +/- 9.3). All of the patients had ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) and severe ventricular arrhythmias: multiform ventricular premature contractions (VPCs), couplets, runs of ventricular tachycardia (VT), and R-on-T phenomenon. Four had evidence of old myocardial infarction (MI), four had chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy, and two had effort angina pectoris. Dilated cardiomyopathy was diagnosed by chest X-ray (cardiothoracic ratio greater than 0.5) and echocardiogram (end-diastolic left-ventricular diameter greater than 56 mm). All of the patients underwent two successive 24-hr Holter monitoring at the time of admission and after 3, 5, and 10 days from the beginning of therapy. Ventricular arrhythmias were classified according to modified Lown criteria. Renal function was normal. Magnesium sulfate in 0.9% sodium chloride was given by slow infusions (50 mg/min/60 min) twice daily for 7 days. They were antiarrhythmic in all of the patients: VPCs and couplets mean values decreased from 7971 +/- 2612 to 321 +/- 141 (p less than 0.001) and from 405 +/- 113 to 7 +/- 4 (p less than 0.001), respectively; VT runs (33.8 +/- 5.8) disappeared by the fifth day of treatment. Both the heart rate and the QTc interval remained unchanged from baseline values. The slow magnesium infusion did not notably raise serum Mg when evaluated immediately after stopping the infusion, as compared with baseline values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1990.10720406

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Increasing doses of nitrite (3.7-14.8 mg/kg BW) were administered via intragastric intubation to 64 spontaneously hypertensive Sprague-Dawley rats. Systemic blood pressure, measured in conscious animals with the tail cuff method, significantly decreased in a dose-related manner 16 and 32 minutes later, and pulse rate slightly increased. Since orally ingested nitrate may be partially converted to nitrite, it seems worthwhile to study correlations between dietary nitrate and blood pressure in experimental animals and man.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1990.10720407

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Chronic vitamin A intoxication in a 56-year-old female is reported. Some abnormal blood chemistries included elevated transaminase and alkaline phosphatase, increased cerebrospinal fluid and portal pressure, and elevated vitamin A in blood and liver. A liver biopsy indicated histologic evidence of perisinusoidal collagen deposition and noncoalescent fat droplets in Ito cells. Caution against the misdiagnosis of alcoholic cirrhosis for vitamin A intoxication is recommended.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1990.10720408

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1990.10720409

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor