摘要:

Age exerts a major influence on the nutritional needs for bone health. Age influences the nutrient requirements for bone health by influencing: the growth and development of bone; the deposition of minerals leading to peak bone mass; the rate of bone loss; the levels of hormones which influence bone; the absorption and retention of nutrients required for optimal bone health, physical activity, food intake, and the level of sun exposure. Adequate calcium intake benefits bones at any age. However, dietary calcium needs vary at different ages. In June 1994, a National Institutes of Health expert panel recommended higher calcium intakes than current Recommended Dietary Allowance for several age groups. Many population groups in the United States, including young girls and women, continue to consume significantly less calcium than current recommended levels. In addition, diets low in calcium are often low in many other essential nutrients important for good bone health, including vitamin D, vitamin B6, and magnesium. Dietary recommendations for bone health should be placed in the full context of the total diet rather than a singular emphasis on calcium. To truly benefit consumers, dietary recommendations for bone health should emphasize consumption of foods high in calcium as part of a healthy diet and a healthy lifestyle.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718629

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

From infancy through young adulthood the activity of bone formation predominates, resulting in a steady accumulation of bone mass. As the rate of growth changes with age, so skeletal modeling progresses through phases of different intensity with time. This is paralleled by concomitant changes in bone and calcium metabolism. Bone modeling and skeletal consolidation probably result from a complex sequence of hormonal changes in interaction with nutritional factors. However, current knowledge of the role, sequence, and genetic regulation of hormonal events during puberty, and of the response of bone tissue in interaction with nutrition is limited. This interaction is now beginning to be elucidated. The importance of this interaction with regard to fracture epidemiology in children and peak bone mass acquisition has been discussed.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718630

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The purpose of this review is to summarize the effects of calcium intake on peak bone mass (PBM) accrual by premenopausal females during their 20s and possibly 30s. Prospective studies are highlighted because of the value of investigating the same subjects for one or more years. Results of cross-sectional studies are also summarized. Findings from both prospective and cross-sectional investigations suggest a positive benefit of adequate or supplemented calcium intakes on bone mineral content (BMC) in females during the third (20s) and fourth (30s) decades of life. PBM of subjects was found to be increased or maintained in comparison to PBM of controls in the five intervention studies that used calcium supplementation or the addition of calcium-rich foods. The results of cross-sectional studies, including a meta-analysis of approximately 20 such studies, also support the benefit to PBM of adequate calcium intakes. In summary, sufficient consumption of calcium during the various stages of the early life cycle, when combined with overall sound nutrition, regular physical activity, and possibly pregnancy, lactation, and child-rearing, may contribute to PBM accrual of women during the early adult decades.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718631

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Current knowledge of the relation between nutrition and bone health in the elderly is sufficient, if applied, to lead to a reduction in fractures in the aged of from 30-60%. The critical nutrients are calcium and vitamin D, and possibly phosphate as well. Additionally, nutritional measures, especially protein repletion, dramatically improve outcomes from hip fracture. Fortunately the indicated interventions have a favorable cost-benefit relationship, especially when skim milk is used as the source of the needed nutrients.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718632

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This study was designed to assess sequentially the nutrient intake in children with chronic renal insufficiency and its relationship to body size, the level of renal failure, and growth velocity.The nutrient intake from 401 4-day food records obtained from 120 children with renal insufficiency over a 6-month observation period was analyzed. The height and weight were measured at the beginning and end of the observation period. The glomerular filtration rate was estimated from the height and serum creatinine.The mean caloric intake in these children was 80 +/−23% (mean +/−SD) of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for age. Fifty-six percent of the food records obtained from these children revealed a caloric intake that was less than 80% of the RDA. Caloric intake expressed as the %RDA for age decreased with increasing age. However, the mean caloric intake when factored by body weight was in the normal range. There was no correlation between caloric intake and height velocity. The mean protein intake in these children was 153 +/−53% of the RDA. Further, 45% of the food records indicated a protein intake greater than 150% of the RDA. There was no relationship between the degree of renal insufficiency and caloric or protein intake. Calcium, vitamin, and zinc intakes were also low.Children with chronic renal failure consume less calories than their age matched peers, but the majority of these children appear to ingest adequate amounts for their body mass. This reduction in caloric intake occurs early in renal insufficiency. They also ingest inadequate amounts of calcium, zinc, vitamin B6, and folate.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718633

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to determine whether carnitine metabolism or histamine degradation would be useful parameters for investigating the optimal requirement for vitamin C.Twenty-two non-scorbutic subjects with subnormal vitamin C status (plasma vitamin C<28 mumol/L) were placed on a metabolic diet low in vitamin C for 3 weeks and repleted with graded doses of vitamin C: 10, 30 and 60 mg vitamin C daily (group 1) or 10,125 and 250 mg vitamin C daily (group 2) for weeks 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Fasting blood samples were collected weekly and analyzed for plasma vitamin C, plasma free carnitine and blood histamine.Group 1 subjects remained in a subnormal vitamin C state throughout the 3-week study, and blood histamine and plasma free carnitine were not impacted by the experimental treatment. Plasma vitamin C in group 2 subjects rose significantly during the study, and these subjects finished the study with an ample vitamin C status indicative of vitamin C intakes above the recommended dietary allowance. Both blood histamine and plasma free carnitine were inversely related to vitamin C status in group 2 subjects.These data indicate that blood histamine and plasma free carnitine are altered in individuals with subnormal, non-scorbutic vitamin C status and provide evidence that metabolic changes independent of collagen metabolism occur prior to the manifestation of scurvy. Thus utilizing scurvy as an end-point to determine vitamin C requirements may not provide adequate vitamin C to promote optimal health and well-being.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718634

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

To test whether a fat modified and fruit and vegetable enriched diet in conjunction with moderate physical activity reduces the cardiac event rate in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and its risk factors in an urban setting in India.480 patients either with CAD or with risk factors. Those with definite or possible CAD including angina pectoris (n = 210) based on World Health Organization criteria and patients with risk factors were assigned to diet A (n = 231) or diet B (n = 232) for a period of 3 years. Both groups were advised to follow a fat modified diet. Group A was also advised to consume at least 400 g/day of fruits, vegetables and legumes according to World Health Organization advice and include moderate physical activity.Waist-hip ratios, fasting and post-prandial blood glucose, plasma insulin levels, blood pressure and weight fell significantly in patients in group A compared with those in group B. While triglycerides in group A showed a significant decrease, high density lipoprotein cholesterol showed a significant increase. Both groups showed a significant reduction in total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, although the decrease was greater in group A than group B. Central obesity decreased by 6.2% in group A vs. 1.2% in group B, 95% confidence interval of difference 2.3 to 7.8. The incidence of cardiac events was significantly lower in group A than group B (29 vs. 43 patients, p<0.01). All-cause mortality also significantly declined in group A compared with group B (16 vs. 24 died, p<0.05). The group A patients with better adherence to exercise and diet showed greater reduction in central obesity and greater decline in cardiac event rates and total mortality compared to control group B.It is possible that moderate physical activity in conjunction with dietary changes in patients with CAD may cause substantial reductions in central obesity and associated disturbances corresponding to a significant decrease in cardiac events and mortality during the follow-up of 3 years.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718635

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

To determine the energy and macronutrient consumption of elementary school children served modified lower fat and sodium or typical higher fat and sodium school lunches.The intervention school received lunches with<30% of energy from fat and1000 mg sodium. Served lunches were analyzed from menus and consumed lunches were analyzed using USDA plate waste methodology.Eighty intervention and 80 control subjects matched for ethnicity and economic status.Intervention school menus were significantly lower for energy, sodium, and fat compared to the control school. From analysis of plate waste, children from both schools consumed approximately 25% less energy than served (p<0.05). Consumption of fat as a percentage of total energy and consumption of sodium was significantly less for the intervention compared to the control school. Compensation for the lower fat meals by the intervention school children (eating greater portions of high fat items) was not evident as the percentage of energy from fat consumed was only 1.3% greater than the percentage which was served.Lunch meals in this study were consumed as served. Intervention school children served lower fat and sodium meals consumed less fat and sodium than control school children and did not selectively eat only higher fat and sodium items.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718636

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

To compare carotenoid intakes between hormone users and nonusers in a nationally representative sample of US women by demographic and lifestyle characteristics and to identify those with potentially greater risk for disease.Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey's-Epidemiology Supplement food frequency questionnaire were linked to the USDA-NCI Carotenoid database to estimate mean total and specific carotenoid intakes.Women (n = 8,962) were grouped by menopausal status and classified by hormone use into premenopausal oral contraceptive users/nonusers (n = 5,918) and postmenopausal estrogen replacement hormone users/nonusers (n = 3,044).Mean carotenoid intakes and standard errors were weighted using SUDAAN and adjusted for potential confounding factors using multiple linear regression analysis. Statistically significant differences were at p values<0.01.Compared to nonusers, oral contraceptive users had lower specific carotenoid intakes. Demographic and lifestyle characteristics differed between oral contraceptive users/nonusers and were examined in relation to carotenoid intakes. More oral contraceptive users than nonusers were married, highly educated, drank alcoholic beverages, and smoked. After adjustment for these factors in a multiple linear regression model, the associations between oral contraceptive use and carotenoid intake remained statistically significant. Mean carotenoid intakes were not significantly different among estrogen hormone replacement users versus nonusers.Oral contraceptive users have lower dietary carotenoid intakes than nonusers. Since oral contraceptive users smoke and drink more than nonusers, and both factors are associated with lower carotenoid intakes, oral contraceptive users form a potential high risk group for disease.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718637

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Boron is an essential micronutrient for higher plants. The results of studies in animals and humans have suggested a potential role for boron as a modulator of the steroid hormone pathway.As part of a study to obtain baseline information on boron in humans, the boron content of selected foods (66 items) consumed in Australia was determined. Mean values are presented for the element per 100 g or 100 ml of food and per serving.Major sources of the element were nuts, dried fruits, legumes, fresh vegetables and fruits. The boron content of these foods correlated positively and strongly with values provided by the comprehensive Finnish Tables of mineral composition of foods and with the US Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study. Because of the similarity in methods employed by this study and that used for the comprehensive Finnish Tables, the latter was used to analyze the boron content in 7-day weighed food records of 32 subjects.Using data obtained from the food records and assigning the corresponding values from the Finnish Tables for the boron content of foods, the average daily consumption of boron for a selected group of Australians was found to be 2.23 +/−1.23 mg/day.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1996.10718638

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor