摘要:

The effects of beta-glucan-rich oat bran on serum lipids and lipoproteins were examined in a randomized 8-week study. After a 4-week run-in phase, subjects with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia [serum total cholesterol (TC) 5.5-8.5 mmol/l] on cholesterol-lowering diets were randomly allocated to an oat bran (10.3 g beta-glucan/day) or wheat bran group. Thirty-six subjects (20 in the oat bran group, 16 in the wheat bran group) completed the study. The diet was identical in both groups during the trial and no significant changes in body weight were found. Serum TC and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) significantly declined in the oat bran group during the first 4 weeks from 7.03 +/−0.81 to 6.72 +/−0.97 (p = 0.028) and from 4.90 +/−0.69 to 4.61 +/−0.89 mmol/l (p = 0.038), respectively, but at 8 weeks the values were not significantly different from baseline. Changes in serum TC were mainly confined to those who ate at least two-thirds of the planned daily dose of oat bran. In wheat bran group no changes were observed in serum TC or LDL-C levels. Apolipoprotein A1 and B did not change significantly in either group. Only subjects with apolipoprotein E 3/3 phenotype (n = 12) had hypocholesterolemic response to oat bran at 4 weeks, but no change was found in those with apolipoprotein E 4/4 or 4/3 (n = 7).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10718264

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The old adage,“You are what you eat,”is not always reliable, as demonstrated in this mixed-longitudinal study of men that began in 1969. Mean values of percent body fat, total body potassium (TBK), and total serum cholesterol (SCHOL) did not show changes that correlated with any studied nutrient from repeated 4-day diet records. Mean blood pressure increased with increased body weight as age increased. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased when polyunsaturated fat intake increased. The men had decreased mean height, TBK and increase in percent body fat as age increased. Food energy intake decreased equally from carbohydrates, protein and fat as age increased. Large standard deviations of mean values of measured parameters document heterogeneity of these subjects. A subset of 144 male cohorts was studied serially for 20 years in time-age, cross-sectional and longitudinal series. As they aged, height and TBK decreased (p

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10718265

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The nutritional status (assessed by anthropometric indices, and biochemical and hematological variables in blood) of three groups of elderly women (aged>or = 65 years) was evaluated within the framework of the Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System. The groups were composed of women living in a nursing home (n = 51), women living in service flats and receiving their dinners from the nursing home kitchen (n = 29), and women living independently (n = 52). Mean blood levels of folate, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, albumin, selenium and total cholesterol were significantly (p<0.05) lower among nursing home women. Among these women a biochemical deficiency was frequently found for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (73%), pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (57%), vitamin C (38%), selenium (30%) and folate (28%). These nutritional risks were largely independent of each other. Since folate and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate were associated with several clinicochemical indicators, health status may be an important determining factor for this unfavorable situation. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were associated with limited exposure to ultraviolet radiation and nonusage of vitamin D supplements. We conclude that dietary intake variables are not the only determinants of a marginal nutritional status among nursing home women. Use of foods with a high nutrient density should be encouraged, whereas other preventive measures are needed to improve vitamin D status.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10718266

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Two hundred eighty-four female adults (aged 40-70 years) were longitudinally studied to investigate the relationship between dietary supplemental vitamin A and serum biochemical markers of vitamin A toxicity. Serum retinol, retinyl esters, and retinol-binding protein (RBP), alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase activities and bile acids were measured at baseline, 1 and 2 years. Fasting serum retinol and retinyl ester concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and dietary and supplemental intake of vitamin A were assessed by 3-day food records. There was no difference in dietary vitamin A intake between supplement users and nonusers. In supplemental users, the mean +/−SEM supplemental vitamin A intake was 952 +/−81 IU/day (range 250-5000 retinol equivalents/day). Serum retinol, retinyl esters, and RBP concentrations were not different between the two groups during the 2-year period. For each group, serum retinyl esters significantly increased over time (p<0.03), but the magnitude of the increase was not different between the groups. Serum levels of retinol, retinyl esters, and RBP were not correlated with vitamin A intake or age in either group. Biochemical measures of liver damage (serum alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase activities and serum bile acids) were not related to serum retinol, retinyl esters or RBP concentrations, nor were they different between nonusers and users of supplemental vitamin A. This study provides evidence that long-term supplemental vitamin A in doses commonly found in multivitamin supplements does not present a risk for hypervitaminosis A.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10718267

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

We examined the interaction of dietary magnesium (Mg) and nickel (Ni) on growth and, in particular, the size, composition and mechanical properties of bones in weanling rats. Male rats were fed a diet with 0.3, 1.0 or 2.0 times the recommended concentration of Mg and adequate amounts of other nutrients. After a week, groups fed the low- and high-Mg diets were subdivided and fed the same concentration of Mg plus 0 or 500 mg Ni/kg diet (from Ni chloride) for the remaining 7 weeks. Rats fed low Mg with added Ni grew slowly and had smaller femurs and vertebrae that contained less ash and withstood less force before breaking or compression than did bones of rats fed the low-Mg diet without Ni. However, the breaking stress calculated for femurs from Mg-depleted, Ni-supplemented animals was increased. Ni did not produce these effects when added to a diet high in Mg. Compared with high dietary concentrations, the low-Mg intake had little effect unless Ni was added.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10718268

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Reduced food consumption is a major manifestation of zinc (Zn) deficiency. Many manifestations of Zn deficiency are complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. We evaluated serum and 24-hour urinary Zn values in 12 healthy volunteers and 33 eating disorder patients before and after hospitalization which included either Zn supplementation (75 mg Zn/day) or placebo. Bulimics had depressed serum Zn concentrations (p<0.025). Admission urinary Zn was lower in bulimics (258 +/−44 micrograms/day), and significantly depressed in anorexics (196 +/−36 micrograms/day, p<0.005) vs controls (376 +/−45 micrograms/day). During hospitalization, serum Zn concentrations increased in all supplemented patients vs no change with placebo. Urinary Zn excretion increased in supplemented bulimics (p<0.001) and placebo (p<0.05). Urinary Zn excretion markedly increased in supplemented anorexics (179 +/−65 to 1052 +/−242 micrograms/day); however, placebo values fell or remained unacceptably low (admission 208 +/−48 micrograms/day; discharge 160 +/−17 micrograms/day). By dietary history, controls consumed the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Zn (11.95 +/−1.25 mg/day); anorexics 6.46 +/−1.14 mg/day; and bulimics 8.93 +/−1.29 mg/day. We suggest that Zn deficiency may act as a“sustaining”factor for abnormal eating behavior in certain eating disorder patients.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10718269

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The fate of amino acids deaminated following protein ingestion is uncertain. Presumably, the majority of the carbon skeletons of the amino acids are converted into glucose in the liver. In the present study, tritiated glucose dilution tracer studies have been used to determine the effect of a protein meal on the glucose appearance rate in plasma. Five normal male subjects ingested 50 g of protein in the form of cottage cheese. The glucose appearance rate was determined using a constant infusion of 3H-glucose, and compared to the glucose appearance rate following the ingestion of just water in the same subjects over an 8-hour period. The total amount of protein deaminated and converted to urea also was quantitated. Urea production could account for the metabolism of 29.3 g of protein ingested, or 58.5%. Glucose appearing in the circulation as a result of amino acid metabolism determined by tracer methodology was 9.68 +/−5.7 g. Based on the gluconeogenic potential of cottage cheese (42.3 g of glucose from 50 g of cottage cheese protein), this could only account for at most 43% of protein metabolized, or 23% of the total amount of protein ingested. The fate of the remaining amino acids metabolized remains to be determined.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10718270

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Two treatment strategies were compared to determine their effects on weight loss, body composition and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 32 obese children (relative weight>120%) aged 6-15 years. Modes of therapy included individual (Group I) or group treatment (Group II). The children were treated for 1 year and observed during the second year. Relative body weight decreased by 16.6% in Group I (p<0.001) and by 15.8% (p<0.01) in Group II during the first year; in both groups the lower relative body weight was maintained during the year of observation. No changes were observed in linear growth or lean body mass. Weight reduction was accompanied by increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, increased ratio of HDL-C to total cholesterol, and reduced triglyceride concentrations in both groups. Fasting plasma insulin concentrations decreased significantly in Group I. In conclusion, intensive treatment produced significant weight loss, improved serum lipid profile and reduced hyperinsulinemia. These changes, if sustained, may reduce the risk of CVD later in life.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10718271

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The measurement called desirable body weight (DBW) was derived by actuaries to indicate that weight which is associated with the lowest mortality. Percent deviation from DBW has become a standard measure of fatness. A different obesity index, body mass index (BMI), is weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. Many workers consider both measures inferior to the measurement of body fat content (BFC). We compared the three measures of fatness in 40 men aged 18-50 and 48 women aged 21-47, ranging from nonobese to extremely obese. Total BFC was determined by isotope dilution of 3H-labeled water. DBWs used were those listed in the US Air Force Examination Manual of 1971; these approximate the midpoint of the range of medium-frame values in the 1959 Metropolitan Life Insurance Tables, but have the advantage of providing a single value for each height. We found nearly perfect correlation (r = 0.99, p<0.001) between BMI and percent deviation from DBW in both men and women ranging from 14% below to 305% above DBW. Correlations between percent deviation from DBW and total BFC were extremely high: 0.95 (p<0.001) for the men and 0.94 (p<0.001) for the women, essentially the same as correlations between BMI and BFC, which were 0.96 (p<0.001) for the men and 0.95 (p<0.001) for the women. It appears that the two technically simple weight-height indices, BMI and percent deviation from DBW, give just as accurate a measurement of fatness as the technically complex measurement of total BFC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10718272

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Carbohydrates, frequently consumed following exercise for glycogen resynthesis, have been shown to have other systemic effects in resting men. We examined the effects of postexercise sucrose (a disaccharide carbohydrate) ingestion on the renal, cardiovascular, and sympathetic nervous systems. Eight men consumed 1 l of water (W) or 1 l of a 200 g sucrose solution (S) following 1 hour of bicycle exercise at 70% heart rate reserve. Measurements were made during 2 hours of recovery. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure were elevated following S as compared to W (p<0.009, p<0.04, respectively). Diastolic blood pressure was lower after S (p<0.04) and mean blood pressure did not differ between beverages. Plasma and urinary catecholamines decreased similarly after exercise regardless of treatment. After S insulin (p = 0.0019) and glucose (p = 0.0036) were increased but serum aldosterone (p = 0.0083) and potassium (p = 0.0285) responses were lower. No differences were observed for plasma renin activity. Urine volume and kaliuresis were less after S (p = 0.03, p = 0.03). A 24% increase in metabolic rate (p = 0.002) and increased respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.02) after S were observed. Systemic effects of sucrose ingestion following exercise include cardiovascular, renal, endocrine, and metabolic changes.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10718273

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor