ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10749374

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718398

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718399

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718400

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The vascular endothelium plays an active role in physiological processes such as hemostasis, regulation of vessel tone and vascular permeability. Cell injury, or any event which disrupts endothelial integrity and thus endothelial permeability properties, may be involved in the early events leading to atherosclerotic lesion formation. Because of its constant exposure to blood components, including prooxidants, diet-derived fats and their derivatives, the endothelium is susceptible to oxidative stress and to injury mediated by blood lipid components. It is likely that these events potentiate the overall inflammatory response to injury by increasing cytokine release in proximity to the endothelium, which then could further disrupt endothelial barrier function. Even though mechanisms associated with lipid/cytokine-mediated endothelial cell dysfunction are unclear, our data suggest that they may be both oxidative and non-oxidative in nature. We suggest that dietary fats, rich in certain unsaturated fatty acids are atherogenic by enhancing the formation of reactive oxygen intermediates. These intermediates can activate oxidative stress-responsive transcription factors, such as NF-kappa B, which in turn may promote cytokine production, adhesion molecule expression and ultimately endothelial barrier dysfunction. The resulting disturbances in endothelial integrity possibly allow increased penetration of cholesterol-rich lipoprotein remnants into the arterial wall, a critical event in the etiology of atherosclerosis. Data suggest that certain nutrients, which have antioxidant and/or membrane stabilizing properties, protect endothelial cells by interfering with the above proposed mechanisms of endothelial cell dysfunction.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718401

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The age at which children suffering from classical phenylketonuria can safely discontinue their dietary therapy has been constantly disputed over the past decades. Recently, most phenylketonuria centers have begun to recommend a life-long diet, especially for female patients. Male patients are also advised to continue their diet until at least well into adult age. As a result of this new outlook in therapy management, we reviewed the existing literature and summarized all relevant long-term follow-up data of children who discontinued their debts at an early age, focusing on intellectual and neurological performance. The abilities of these children are compared during dietary treatment and again several years after diet discontinuation. Results show clearly that children maintaining their diets into their teens have fewer deficits than do those terminating their diets before 10 years of age. It seems essential to initiate diet early, and to keep blood phenylalanine levels<600 mumol/L and well controlled to at least age 10 to ensure satisfactory long-term development of the patient. Furthermore, it seems highly justified to maintain a life-long diet which can be liberalized, but not completely discontinued in adulthood.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718402

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The effects of moderate alcohol intake on antioxidant content of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification were examined in 12 healthy adult males.Volunteers abstained from alcohol for 3 weeks and then 12 subjects (alcohol intake group) consumed alcohol (0.5 g/kg/day) as brandy for 4 weeks; 4 subjects (control abstinence group) did not consume any alcohol for the entire study.In the alcohol intake group, plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), phospholipids (PL), free cholesterol (FC) and apoprotein B (apoB) levels in LDL decreased significantly after alcohol intake; however, since TC/apoB, TG/apoB, PL/apoB and FC/apoB ratios did not change significantly, it is clear that LDL particle numbers decreased. Vitamin E and vitamin A levels in plasma, and vitamin E content of LDL also did not change significantly. Beta-carotene levels in plasma and in LDL decreased significantly in the alcohol intake group. In the abstinence group, lipid levels and vitamin levels did not change. Lag time before the onset of LDL oxidation and propagation rate of LDL oxidation in the alcohol intake group did not change significantly.Moderate alcohol intake decreases particle numbers of LDL without any changes in chemical composition, vitamin E content and susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification. However, beta-carotene content was decreased significantly by even moderate alcohol intake.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718403

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to monitor cellular bioenergetics during weight loss may provide novel insights regarding metabolic functioning.Changes were noted in 18 sedentary, moderately overweight women following a 7-week program consisting of a low-fat, 422-428 MJ/day (1010-1025 kcal/day) diet, a progressive walking program, a vitamin-mineral-fortified, isolated-protein meal supplement drink and a weekly group meeting. Mitochondrial energy production and utilization were assessed by measuring the concentrations of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and phosphocreatine (PCr) through magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Anthropometric changes were also monitored.Dietary analysis of subjects' pre-intervention food records showed intakes of numerous vitamins and minerals below 100% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), most commonly for folic acid, vitamin E, magnesium, iron and zinc. Relative to pre-intervention levels, final measurements showed that all women lost body weight, ranging from 2.6 to 10.0 kg. Body mass index declined in all subjects, from 0.55 to 3.86 kg/m2. All subjects lost fat mass, ranging from 0.9 to 10.4 kg. Seventeen of 18 women showed a decline in their percentage of body fat, ranging from 2.3 to 10.1%. Twelve of 18 subjects showed an increase of 0.1-3.5 kg of fat-free mass, with half of these values increasing by>1.0 kg. No changes from baseline levels were found in the Pi/PCr ratio over 7 weeks under resting, exercise or recovery conditions, suggesting a preservation in muscle energy function over the course of the study while the subjects were losing fat mass and total body weight.The possible metabolic advantage associated with a program that employs moderate energy restriction, repletion of vitamin and mineral intakes to RDA levels, and a regular aerobic exercise program is proposed.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718404

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial we compared the efficacy of adding 90 mmol/L L-glutamine to the standard World Health Organization oral rehydration salts (WHO-ORS).One hundred twenty male infants,>1 month and<1 year of age, with acute non-cholera diarrhea and dehydration were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups.Patients were kept in a metabolic unit where body weight, ORS, water and food intake, as well as stool, urine and vomitus output were recorded at 6-hour intervals. Laboratory evaluation, including blood gases and electrolytes, were monitored during hospitalization.Diarrheal stool output, duration of diarrhea and volume of ORS required to achieve and maintain hydration was not significantly different between the treatment groups.This study demonstrated that a glutamine-based ORS did not provide any additional therapeutic advantage over the standard WHO-ORS during treatment of dehydration in infants with acute non-cholera diarrhea.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718405

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This study critically examined the relationships between weight loss and changes in serum lipid and blood pressure levels.Eighty morbidly obese women and men were treated with an intensive very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) and behavioral education program. Body weight and blood pressure were measured weekly. Serum lipids were measured biweekly.Patients lost an average of 35.3 kg in 25.6 weeks. These values decreased significantly: fasting serum cholesterol, 15.1%; low density lipoprotein cholesterol, 17.0%; triglycerides, 14.2%; systolic blood pressure, 8.7%; and diastolic blood pressure, 10.2%. Changes in serum lipids and blood pressure were significantly (p<0.001) correlated with baseline values and with changes in body mass index (BMI) after adjustment for baseline values. Patients maintained an average of 19.7 kg of their weight loss at the 2-year follow-up.Weight reduction through a multidisciplinary VLCD program significantly reduces risk factors for cardiovascular disease; for morbidly obese individuals, improvements in risk factors were significantly and linearly related to changes in the BMI.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718406

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor