摘要:

The most valuable tools or methodologies supporting the design of interactive systems are those that simultaneously ease the process of design and improve the usability of the resulting system. We consider the potential of the object-oriented paradigm in providing this dual function. After briefly reviewing what is known about the design process and some important characteristics of object-oriented programming and design, we speculate on the possible cognitive consequences of this paradigm for problem understanding, problem decomposition, and design result. We conclude with research issues raised by our analysis.

ISSN:0737-0024    

DOI:10.1207/s15327051hci0504_1

出版商:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Feedback during learning is critical for evaluating new skills. Computer-based tutoring systems have the potential to detect errors and to guide students by providing informative feedback, but few studies have evaluated the real impact of different types of feedback. This article presents results of such a study using the Geometry Tutor for building geometry proofs. It was found that feedback about the goal structure of geometry problems led to better performance than feedback about the reasons for error or than simply being told that an error had occurred. This goal feedback allows students to correct the incorrect action more often than other types of feedback. Also, the goal feedback group continued to deal advantageously with problems when the feedback was subsequently removed. A simulation model, based on Anderson's (1983) ACT* theory and an analogical learning system, presents a preliminary model of the effects of these different feedback types. The model indicates that the advantage of goal-directed feedback is a reflection of its immediate application to the problem, whereas feedback about reasons for the error does not provide any direction to the correct error. According to the model, the feedback allows the student to construct a correct representation of the goal tree involved in various types of proofs more readily than feedback that is not immediately relevant to the current problem.

ISSN:0737-0024    

DOI:10.1207/s15327051hci0504_2

出版商:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

To construct a conceptual model of a device, the user must conceptualize the device's representation of the task domain. This knowledge can be represented by three components: a device-based problem space, which specifies the ontology of the device in terms of the objects that can be manipulated and their interrelations, plus the operators that perform the manipulations; a goal space, which represents the objects in terms of which user's goals are expressed; and a semantic mapping, which determines how goal space objects are represented in the device space. The yoked state space (YSS) model allows an important distinction concerning the mental representation of procedures. If a step in a procedure specifies a transformation of the user's device space, then it has an autonomous meaning for the user, independent of its role in the sequence or method. The device space provides a figurative account of the operator. However, some operators do not affect the minimal device space, and their only meaning for the user derives from their role in a method: The method affords an operational account of the operator. Figurative accounts can be constructed from operational accounts only by elaborating the device space with new concepts. The YSS is illustrated through a simple description of a device model for a cut-and-paste text editor. Three experiments addressed the claims of this model. The first experiment used a sorting paradigm to show that users do acquire the novel device space concept of a string of adjacent characters (including space and return). The second and third experiments asked novices to make inferences about text editor behavior on the basis of simple demonstrations. They showed that (a) the availability of the string concept is critically dependent on the details of interface design, (b) figurative accounts of the copy operation afford more efficient methods and may be promoted by appropriate names for procedure steps, and (c) a conceptual model may transfer from one device to another. Together, the three experiments supported the YSS hypothesis.

ISSN:0737-0024    

DOI:10.1207/s15327051hci0504_3

出版商:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor