摘要:

The use of different kinds of feedback in preventing mode errors was investigated. Two experiments examined the frequency of mode errors in a text-editing task where a mode error was defined as an attempt to issue navigation commands while in insert mode, or an attempt to insert text while in command mode. In Experiment 1, the effectiveness of kinesthetic versus visual feedback was compared in four different conditions: the use of keyboard versus foot pedal for changing mode (kinesthetic feedback), crossed with the presence or absence of visual feedback to indicate mode. The results showed both kinesthetic and visual feedback to be effective in reducing mode errors. However, kinesthetic was more effective than visual feedback both in terms of reducing errors and in terms of reducing the cognitive load associated with mode changes. Experiment 2 tested the hypothesis that the superiority of this kinesthetic feedback was due to the fact that the foot pedal required subjects actively to maintain insert mode. The results confirmed that the use of a nonlatching foot pedal for switching modes provided a more salient source of information on mode state than the use of a latching pedal. On the basis of these results, we argue that user-maintained mode states prevent mode errors more effectively than system-maintained mode states.

ISSN:0737-0024    

DOI:10.1207/s15327051hci0702_1

出版商:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article offers a model of collaboration processes in which both parties are sharing the task work load at an equal level of cognitive difficulty. The model poses six collaboration factors as important in the man-machine collaboration. The six factors are cognitive orientation, deep knowledge, intention sharing, control plasticity, adaptivity, and experience or memory. The model predicts that two clusters of settings of the six factors exist: one for novices and one for experts. Four experiments are presented that support this prediction and that offer several new insights into what makes for effective collaborator design. Also many new questions arise.

ISSN:0737-0024    

DOI:10.1207/s15327051hci0702_2

出版商:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

For the foreseeable future, natural language access to databases and other information systems will require the exchange of written messages between the system and user. Such written/interactive dialogue is unique, having the qualities of both written text and spoken discourse yet, also, differing significantly from both. In the present study, we used "Wizard of Oz" techniques to elicit written/interactive dialogue for information retrieval purposes. Our objectives in doing this were (a) to assess the general nature and prevalence of linguistic and dialogue phenomena within the written/interactive register and (b) to determine the impact of user interface shortcuts, such as precanned messages and patterned output, on both the complexity of written/interactive dialogue and general measures of user satisfaction. Our findings indicate that written/interactive dialogue for information retrieval would be very feasible. In spite of slow system response times, subjective reactions from the users were positive, the size of the lexicon used in the dialogues was small, the dialogues decomposed readily into hierarchical structures, and the number and distribution of anaphors were also rather reasonable. Two independent variables were also manipulated: (a) the degree of prefamiliarization given to participants about the base of travel information they would be accessing (i.e., the primer variable) and (b) the degree of constraint on the Wizard's ability to formulate natural language responses to the user (i.e., the natural language output variable). Failure to provide either a primer or a realistic, human natural language output made the dialogues more complex in a number of different ways.

ISSN:0737-0024    

DOI:10.1207/s15327051hci0702_3

出版商:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor