ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230110402

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article assesses the resource potential and environmental problems facing Mozambique at present, pointing to the extreme distortion imposed by the current war upon the development potential of the country. Looking at the long list of environmental problems and issues identified by Timberlake as characterizing the environmental crisis in Africa, it is noted that, at the national level, few of these problems prevail, but that most of them can be identified locally. Both the World Bank and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) have carried out environmental assessment of Mozambique and, whilst not agreeing on what the major environmental issues are, are agreed on the major problem posed by the war. The main environmental threats are almost exclusively located along the coastal littoral. Fleeing the fighting in the interior, the population has concentrated along the coast, and environmental pressures in this area are becoming severe. It is likely that, even when the war ends, the population will remain in these areas. There is great potential for economic development in Mozambique, with substantial unemployed agricultural, energy and mineral resources. However, the traditional cash crop industries have been decimated and statistics indicate an overwhelmingly preindustrial subsistence economy. Half the population has been affected through massive civilian losses, malnutrition, displacement and emigration, and no reasonable environmental management strategy can be initiated under these circumstances.

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230110403

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article concerns the evaluation of Dutch rural aid projects in the Sudan, with particular reference to sustainability. The general policy within which these projects were developed concerns ‘investing in people’, ‘thinking ahead’ and ‘institution strengthening’ and the evaluation is carried out within a framework of ‘themes of success’; eight projects are involved, focusing on the needs of women and refugees, smallholder credit, locust control, forestry control and cotton stalk briquetting. In terms of the immediate impact, the projects focusing on the needs of women and refugees were less successful. This was in part through weak project formulation and monitoring, lack of experience and cultural inhibitions. But all projects suffered from the effects of the macrocontext. The government's attention is upon large scale export‐generating agricultural projects, so projects concerned with other rural issues are marginal to the government's intentions. Environmental concern is seen as inhibiting economic goals; international pressures lead to ‘soil mining’. Furthermore, the international Islamic Revival produces internal conflict militating against sustainable development projects. In conclusion, all these projects are in some respects successful, but none is likely to be sustainable in the current context. However, local projects cannot be sealed off from the macrocontext; success requires the participation of international, national and local agencies and non‐g

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230110404

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article describes the massive scale and range of environmental problems in Third World cities, considered in terms of the impact mainly on human health. The first half of the article is an overview of these problems at different geographic scales, ranging from the home and workplace to the city region. It also discusses the interaction between city‐based production/ consumption and environmental degradation in the wider region. The main problems identified include unsafe and inadequate water supplies, inadequate provision for sanitation and solid waste disposal (including toxic waste), overcrowding, hazardous working conditions and ineffective pollution control. The second half presents some conclusions. The poorer groups in cities suffer most of the environmental burden. Governments and aid agencies allocate little to addressing the most serious environmental problems; local government is weak and ineffective in most Third World nations and citizen groups and NGOs that might offer some redress are often repressed. But without representative local government, and without NGOs and citizen group action, these problems are unlikely to be solved. Finally, different perceptions as to what constitute the World's major environmental problems threaten to divide North from South. If the North wants the South's co‐operation in addressing global problems, it must help the South address those environmental problems which impact most on the health and livelihoods of its poorer citiz

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230110405

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article aims to review the increased attention and initiative which the multilateral development banks (MDBs)—more specifically the World Bank and Asian Development Bank (ADB) —have taken in recent years with respect to environmental concerns. Although the MDBs made some responses to environmental concern during the 1970s and 80s, until the late 1980s the resources devoted to this area were rather limited, and the banks came under increasing criticism for their lack of more substantial commitment. Since 1988 fundamental staffing and structural changes have brought environmental considerations, both into the evaluation of all project proposals and also as an approach to planning in its own right.There is still much uncertainty regarding the appropriateness of various techniques available to improve environmental management in developing countries. The article reviews the potential use of economic instruments, ‘command and control’ regulatory approaches, and the importance of macroeconomic policy as determinant of the success of environmental programmes. Developing country governments are increasingly prioritizing the environment, and bank efforts are currently focusing heavily on programmes that address poverty and the environment simultaneously. But it will be necessary to carry out adequate research, monitoring and evaluation of current programmes if these are to progress satisfa

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230110406

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article aims to describe, with the aid of a number of case studies, the role consultants are playing in bringing improved environmental management to fruition in developing countries. In spite of environmental considerations entering the political agenda in the early 1970s, global environmental deterioration continues. Donor agencies have thus recently greatly accelerated their assistance in this area, but are themselves not equipped to deal with many of the problems and issues and so have hired consultants to undertake aspects of the work programme. Typically consultants are undertaking sector studies, pollution control, environmental improvement studies, and project and programme assessment, and are seen as being primarily responsible for technical aspects. It has become clear that unless technical recommendations are firmly tied into institutional and management structures, the goal of long‐term sustainability of projects will not be realized. Whilst the need for institutional strengthening in this respect is widely recognized, it often fails to materialize as a consequence of internal resistances. Furthermore, environmental goals are still often seen as secondary and contradictory to economic development goals, and are therefore not taken adequately seriously. The article includes four case studies, which illustrate the kinds of measures which are currently considered to be necessary to ensure the implementation of sustainable development programmes and project

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230110407

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article starts by sketching the shape of the institutions and mechanisms which currently aim to protect the environment in developing countries. The form these have taken is largely based upon the environmental institutions created in the United States in the early 1970s, under the influence of the outburst of environmental concern at that time. The sudden reemergence of environmental concern at the top of the political agenda in the 1980s is attributable in significant measure to the ‘Green Movement’, that has evolved out of the concerns originally expressed in the early 1970s. The new institutions and mechanisms have, however, failed to check environmental deterioration in many developing countries; it is necessary to focus on the macroframework determining development priorities and practices if environmental problems are to be adequately addressed. The root of the problem is not merely institutional, or even macroeconomic, but is primarily cultural, stemming more specifically from the imposition of European cultural values. The environmental crisis is not restricted to developing countries and is unlikely to be solved without considerably more far‐reaching initiatives than we have seen so far. According to the literature of the Green Movement, the process of the ‘greening of development’ is far from completed in the creation of current environmental agencies and management m

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230110408

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230110401

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY