摘要:

AbstractThe open door (infitah) policy announced in 1974 marked the adoption of a new orientation for economic activity. This article relates the development of this policy towards economic enterprise to trends in the machinery of governmental control. The author argues that in the period of Sadat's presidency there was a contradiction between the liberalization in economic matters and the form and nature of control exercised by government.

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230020402

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDevelopment project training has two objectives: a direct objective to improve organizational performance and an indirect objective to enhance an organization's ability to function effectively within a changing environment. Traditional training approaches that emphasize knowledge transfer fail to meet these objectives because they are place‐oriented and thus emphasize giving standardized training to groups of unrelated trainees at a particular facility; they emphasize teaching the skills trainers know rather than determining management needs or building upon knowledge trainees already possess; learning is expected to occur by inference from artificial examples rather than by attacking real problems; trainees are generally drawn from only one management level at a time; actual performance and skills are not examined; and training is treated as a discrete event rather than as just one ripple in a constant stream of management development activity.To overcome these six weaknesses, an alternative approach is advocated. That approach has two major chaacteristics: it isaction orientedand it has an organizationalcapacity developmentbias rather than a transfer of knowledge to individuals bias. The action orientation and enhancement orientation are described in detail, the approach is illustrated by a Jamaican example, and implications of adopting an action‐based approach are specified. The authors contend this alternative approach is practical, necessary, and rewarding to those who engage in

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230020403

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt is frequently assumed that development forestry suffers from insufficient funding, lack of knowhow and an inability to make innovative or creative choices. International donors and the countries themselves imagine that this is so and attempt rectification through an institution building strategy which builds up planning and administrative knowhow while supplying additional funds. But the traditional premises should be challenged on the grounds that incentives must first exist for demand of the precious ‘knowhow’ resource.In most Latin American countries few incentives exist to invest in development forestry and public bureaucracies responsible for this programme area do not provide support for forestry. Strengthening these bureaucracies or making them independent will make little difference to results until organizations are redesigned to permit directly productive forestry functions to be driven by considerations of profit, while retaining research and extension as support functions for the public sector. Interference with incentive structures is more politically threatening than recommendations for training and co‐ordination within the present institutional context. Nevertheless, where decision capacities are low as in most Latin American forestry environments, donor and host governments must either make these prior changes or, given the complex nature of development forestry, spend the funds on other basic needs. The latter option, however, is paradoxical in that the high opportunity costs of ignoring development forestry opportunities will raise the costs of achieving basic

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230020404

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractProvident funds have been introduced in twenty third world countries as a way of meeting a need for social security. This article provides a careful comparative review of these funds, describing who they cover, how contribution rates are specified and on whom they fall, the rights the funds confer and how the funds are managed. The article points out that the provident funds have proved to be important financial institutions, valued by governments as instruments for mobilizing savings, but none has found a way of achieving the goal of providing adequate social security protection on the basis simply of compulsory savings.

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230020405

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn planning the reform of local government in Nigeria in 1976, and deciding to give a status to local government in the Nigerian Constitution those involved drew on the experience of Brazil. This article explains how Brazilian arrangements influenced decisions in Nigeria and then compares the experience with the arrangements under the 1946 municipalist constitution in Brazil with what is happening in Nigeria following the 1976 reforms. The author points to similarities in the two countries.

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230020406

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230020409

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230020410

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230020411

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230020401

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY