ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230130402

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCentrally planned and erstwhile centrally‐planned economies in Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America are variously reforming their systems of production and exchange, sometimes in response to a breakdown in or declining performance of existing models and sometimes in consequence of the need to meet the challenges of a changing global economic environment. The developments that are taking place pose great challenges for governments in managing the process of transition as well as for donors in supporting the bold endeavours of the former. State institutions are also undergoing change, usually as a consequence of the economic reforms underway. This article reviews the experience of Eastern Europe, CIS and selected countries in other regions in three critical areas: policy making capacities and coordination, civil service legislation and reform and civil service training and retraining. Lessons are drawn from international technical cooperation projects being undertaken by both bilateral and multilateral donors in a variety of national context

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230130403

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDuring the 1980s and early 1990s, China's centrally planned economy has been replaced by one that relies largely on market forces. Leaders have carried out a programme of administrative reforms to tailor the state to the market economy. These reforms have included: decentralization, organizational restructuring and civil service reform. A number of factors have undermined the success of the reforms. They include: lack of political support, China's relatively weak administrative capacity, internal bureaucratic opposition and mixed support from the general public. However, further economic development is likely to improve the prospects of administrative reform in China.

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230130404

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAmongst the various countries in transition, Cuba is pursuing a path of adjustment in which it is striving to maintain the basic social achievements of its revolution. The article describes, first, Cuba's development in the period from 1960 to the mid 1980's; second, the impact of the changing international situation thereafter on the Cuban economy; and third, the way in which Cuba has responded to the latter, specifically its efforts to promote diversified foreign trade and investment and to create a new management culture supportive of the latter.Against this background, an assessment is made of ongoing institutional reforms in the exporting sector of Cuba's state enterprises and planning system. US embargo notwithstanding, Cuba is receiving significant international support for the latter, especially from the UN system.The article finally assesses the prospects for the Cuban economy, in a situation of increasing difficulty. Conclusions range over a number of issues that arise from Cuba's strategy for survival and renewed growth: (i) the emerging contradictions within its overall strategy, particularly the split between the centrally‐planned and controlled domestic market and the much freer exporting and foreign exchange earning sectors; (ii) the ability of the population to tolerate the adjustment costs and deprivations in the short term; (iii) international competition with a number of other countries for foreign investment, particularly Pharmaceuticals; (iv) some of the strategic risks inherent in the selective and gradualist approach of Cuba and its ability to turn around the economy in time to enable it to survive; (v) the ability of the overall system to move quickly forward from basic management training to structural change in what might be the enabling policy and institutional environment.In confronting these challenges, the article also stresses (i) the adaptability of Cuban managers who have shown themselves highly retrainable to play new roles in the global economy; (ii) the considerable resource endowments of Cuba, including abundant human capital and investment in scientific and technological research and development, its location advantages and its stability and determinatio

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230130405

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe article assesses the efforts of the DPRK—a country which has experienced significant industrial development under central planning—to develop a more open economy, having probably reached the limits of inward‐looking growth ('Juche') and having recently experienced a dramatic change in its traditional trading partnerships. It describes the nature of the DPRK state management system and the growing dissatisfaction with its performance in recent years. From its relatively isolated position, the DPRK is taking advantage of UNDP technical assistance to implement its change strategy in three areas: diversification of international trade, foreign investment promotion through joint ventures with state enterprises and modernization of industrial management. Implementation of the UNDP programme has thrown into relief some of the institutional obstacles to the internationalization of the economy inherent in the central planning system. Against a background of relative lack of foreign investor interest—recent legislation notwithstanding—the article describes remedial efforts being undertaken. On the trade front, the government has made modest successes in diversification, but these will need to be reinforced by multilateral assistance with trade information, marketing and other skills needs of trade officials. The article concludes with a review of the DPRK's prospects in the context of the Korean unification issue, other regional cooperation such as the Tumen River Project and international debates over regime survival in the DPRK. Prospects for spreading management change through technical assistance in the DPRK are conditioned by a number of factors, including the extent to which a new management culture can be disseminated from pilot enterprises to the economy as a whole and whether the enclave approach to investment promotion in enterprise zones is also helpful in this regard. Though the DPRK political economy is robust and resourceful, the question that remains is whether the cautious or reluctant government strategy for change can bring result

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230130406

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMongolia is the second oldest communist regime after Russia, and its reforms have been under way since 1986. It is a land‐locked state and is characterized by its large physical size relative to a small population, an almost total historical dependence on the former‐USSR and a limited range of agricultural and mineral resources. Despite the profound effects that the collapse of the USSR and Comecon have caused, Mongolia has adopted a ‘shock therapy’ approach to reform, embarking simultaneously on a bold programme of both political and economic change. This article traces the genesis of the reform strategy, highlighting the interplay between external events and internal debate and sometimes outlining the major areas of the reform programme: the introduction of macroeconomic management to replace central planning, the improvement of incentives and an ambitious programme of privatization. The undertaking of such a programme in the Mongolia points to the importance of a social safety net and popular support for the reforms. The article then describes the complementary reforms of public administration that have been more recently introduced in the wake of a new constitution, with their emphasis on professionalization of government administration, transfer of responsibilities to provincial and local government and improved policies and institutions for national training. International technical assistance has and continues to play a significant role in supporting the above. A number of lessons are drawn with regard to strategy, particularly the need at programme level for an integrated or systems approach that can ensure linkages between different elements and at the level of training the need for imaginative approaches to design and delivery. The article draws conclusions on the prospects for success in each area of the reform programme. Critical for public administration restructuring and professionalization is the issue of institutional capacity for implementation. While the legal framework has now been laid down for decentralized government, for example, there is little prior experience in local government of many areas of functional management, finance and budgeting, investment planning and social services administration. On the economic front, the shock therapy stragegy has been adopted despite some earlier advice on the preconditions for successful privatization—with regard for example to market structure, the development of the financial sector and most crucially the continued role of the state in fostering entrepre‐neurship in a society devoid of any recent hist

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230130407

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article reviews donor initiatives in Mozambique in decentralization policy and intergovernmental relations. Against the background of earlier donor initiatives in the country and the government's transition, it identifies the complexities confronted in working outside the centre and in the periphery, in the midst of economic and political liberalization. The lessons learned from the project experiences described emphasize the extensiveness of the changes necessary in government and the donor community if subnational authorities, governors and local administrators, in this instance, are to be empowered to resolve local development issues at the grass‐roots level rather than await authorization to act from the centre, be it a government ministry or donor organization. The dilemma posed by such initiatives concerns how to enable subnational governments to respond to unmet development needs locally (through the transfer of economic and skilled human resources to the provinces), without undercutting endeavours to strengthen the capacity of the central government to implement economic and social policy (through the concentration of the same resources in the centre

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230130408

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article examines the role of the UNDP's management development programme in Myanmar between 1988 and 1992. It describes the economic and political background against which technical assistance was provided to assist the transition from a centrally planned to a market‐oriented economy. It is argued that present reforms can be interpreted as part of a survival strategy. The article analyses the principal findings of the various components of assistance between these years, and reports on implementation. In particular, attention is given to problems that occur in reforming both central bureaucratic institutions and patterns of decision‐making, and to changes in these key areas. The concluding part summarizes the lessons that arise from implementation and indicates that forms of state‐led planning are likely to continue alongside attempts to embody market princ

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230130409

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article reviews the management of Vietnam's renewal process from the viewpoint of understanding the structure of the economy. It argues that, in terms of population, income and welfare, Vietnam has been relatively more successful than other less‐developed Asian countries. At the same time, historically, its economy was only to a minor degree under central government management—in contrast to the ex‐USSR and Eastern Europe—and hence it has been capable of a more flexible response. Its human capital stock is strong but performance has been constrained by war, embargo and mistakes of strategy. Against this background, the article traces the reform process, from the brief interlude with central planning through the inauguration of'doi moi'after cessation of western and Chinese aid. The initial stress has been on macroeconomic stabilization. The problems of achieving this and the reasons for success are advanced. The next stage of the reform encompasses additional areas where international assistance may be relevant: the legal and institutional framework for the market economy, reform of government administration and improving enterprise management. Following the new constitution of 1992, public administration reform has come to the fore—both structural as well as in relation to central‐local government relations. This article describes the machinery for reform implementation as well as its scope, which encompasses the size and staffing of the civil service, salaries, human resource management, systems and procedures, turn‐round of state enterprises and management skills development. The article continues with a review of two key multilateral assistance projects. The path‐breaking UNDP Management Development Programme has conducted training in economic management and supported the development of the legal system. The project has had an important impact on policy‐makers and on policy discussion. A successor project will provide support to public administration reform in Vietnam. In the light of the current dramatic expansion in aid to Vietnam from DAR sources, the article concludes that control and coordination of overseas assistance by the government will be vital if aid is to be fully utilized and work in total support of Vietnam's existing d

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230130410

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0271-2075    

DOI:10.1002/pad.4230130401

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY