摘要:

ABSTRACT:This case study of the English of early missionaries operating in South Africa in the first half of the nineteenth century serves three main functions. Firstly, it characterizes the interlanguages of some German and Dutch missionaries, which are interesting in their own. right, historically and theoretically. Secondly, it points out the disparity between the actual patterns of use we find in the missionary letters and characterizations of their abilities and repertoires by modern linguists. Finally, it suggests an important early source for the propagation of English in a variety of territories, missionary English is a missing ingredient in ‘New English’ scholarship which needs to be studied clos

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1996.tb00101.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:In this paper we look at some ways in which thematization can be used to control hortatory rhetoric. Varying the complexity of thematic structure, for instance, can produce minimalistic, informal text or an academic formal style, reminiscent of Bernstein's restricted and elaborated codes, respectively. More or less discourse participant themes can create an impression of outspokenness or impartiality and marked themes may be a measure of hortatory content in general. We examine how different choices of thematic progression as text organizers can produce different effects. Constant progression, for example, may suit the demagogue, while derived progression is calculated to appeal to a more intellectual audience. Then we find correlations with the problem‐solution patterns: different theme types may signal the various sections, and opponents or friends may be attacked or supported by thematizing them within problem or solution sections. Lastly, we draw pedagogical implications from the stud

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1996.tb00102.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper examines the interlanguage (IL) phonology of Malay‐speaking Bruneian students attending Universiti Brunei Darussalam. A complete year group of 55 students with different proficiency levels was recorded interacting communicatively and the data analyzed in order to explore the extent to which markedness relationships in phonology can be used to predict learning difficulties and to investigate the extent to which this particular IL phonology has stabilized. The focus of the study was on consonant clusters, both final and initial, and the voicing contrast. The analysis of the data suggests that markedness can explain why some features of the (target language) TL phonology are more easily acquired than others. However, there was no significant difference between the IL phonology of the less proficient and more proficient students when lexical roots were examined. This suggests that the IL phonology in question has stabilized. Finally, this paper relates the findings to research into new varieties of English and suggests reasons for phonological stabilizatio

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1996.tb00103.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A number of recent studies on tense in L2 have claimed that the past tense is acquired in developmental stages: verbs, such as ‘build’ and ‘work,’ which are lexico‐aspectually more event‐like (less state‐like) are claimed to be marked for past tense earlier in the developmental process than those, such as ‘be’ and ‘want,’ which are less event‐like (more state‐like). In this paper, I will closely examine seven samples of writing by L1 speakers of Vietnamese to show that grounding, rather than lexical aspect, properly accounts for the selective marking of past tense. I will suggest that the learner‐hypothesis that governs this use of English past tense derives from the transference of a grounding‐marking principle from a tense‐free language, and I will briefly address the pedagogic

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1996.tb00104.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper examines the distribution of word‐final /z/ in New Zealand English. This feature has attracted little attention in previous research, but it appears to be a feature which distinguishes between the English of Pakeha and Maori New Zealanders. The research reported in this paper describes the distribution of word‐final /z/ in a sample of 6,057 tokens produced by 97 New Zealanders from the Wellington Corpus of Spoken New Zealand English. The contributors contrast primarily on the dimensions of ethnicity, gender, and age, and the samples include both interview and conversational styles. The analysis identifies three main variants of word‐final /z/, a voiced variant, a partially devoiced variant and a totally devoiced or voiceless variant. The sociolinguistic distribution of the voiceless variant indicates that it is used significantly more often by Maori than by Pakeha, suggesting it may be a feature of ‘Maori English.’ The results also suggest that young Pakeha women may play an interesting role in relation to language change in New Zealand English. Tentative explanations are proposed for the patterns i

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1996.tb00105.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:In this paper I argue that Mid‐Atlantic should replace British English as the educational standard in Europe. The English spoken by Europeans is increasingly influenced by American English. As a result, a new variety of the language has emerged. Europeans, in increasing numbers, speak Mid‐Atlantic, a variety that encourages neutral pronunciation and a vocabulary based on the interlocutor's frame of reference. Traces of both AmE and BrE are included in Mid‐Atlantic. Extreme features of the British accent are avoided. Pronunciation which is overtly British is discussed. Samples are also provided of lexical items which are everyday language in Britain or the US but which are often incomprehensible to some native‐language speakers as well as to others. Reference is made to grammar and style. The political aspects of learning a specific variety of English, as well as the future of Mid‐Atlantic, is discussed. In conclusion, it is pointed out that the development of Mid‐Atlantic will most likely continue and in time will establish its own frame of reference, and as such be less dependent on American and Britis

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1996.tb00106.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A number of studies have been undertaken to determine what variety of English learners of English want as a learner goal (Benson, 1991; Shaw, 1983; Kachru, 1976; Sahgal, 1991; Starks and Paltridge, 1994). This paper describes the major types of studies used to determine language attitudes of native and non‐native speakers and highlights a number of differences in their methodologies. The paper then shows how one of the techniques used in sociolinguistic research with native speakers, called apparent time, would improve research into non‐native speaker attitudes; making it more useful to educationalists engaged in language planning and curriculum development. Apparent time is based on the assumption that language is not uniform and that language changes occur in society at different rates for different segments of the population. The results of a language attitude survey of Japanese students learning English in New Zealand illustrate how the technique works by presenting data both in a traditional way and by reanalyzing the data using apparent time differen

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1996.tb00107.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:It is claimed that a conflict may exist between the implicit values underlying English language teaching and the values of Islam. This article describes two parallel pieces of research undertaken in a statefunded religious school in the state of Melaka in Malaysia aimed at investigating this claim. It concludes that the majority of students studying English in this context were well‐motivated towards English language learning and while recognizing the dangers of absorbing alien values through their language learning, felt able to resist these and to deploy English as a tool for the development of themselves and their nation without feeling that their identity as Malay and Muslim was compromised in any serious wa

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1996.tb00108.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1996.tb00109.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1996.tb00110.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY