摘要:

ABSTRACT:Most communication between Asians and Westerners takes place in English. This misleads us into believing that little translation work is required for East and West to understand each other. Nevertheless, when speakers of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese use English there is a tendency for them to introduce topics in ways which are unexpected from the point of view of English‐speaking Westerners. The Asian inductive, or delayed, introduction of topics leaves Westerners confused about what the topic is. Conversely, Westerners introduce topics early in a conversation. This deductive pattern strikes the Asian as abrupt or rude while the Asian pattern tends to feel evasive or ‘inscrutable’ to the Westerner. Since these patterns of topic introduction are largely unconscious, conversants are not able to locate the source of their confusion in the discourse structure and so have the tendency to blame their conversants. Some of the stereotypical attitudes of East and West toward each other can be shown to be the direct outcome of these unconsciously differing discourse practices in the introduction of t

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00145.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper examines the forms and functions of English as a ‘foreign language’ in Indonesia. A brief survey of the historical and current status of English in Indonesia reveals that English has few intranational functions as a dominant code of discourse. However, analysis of data from several sources demonstrates that English is nonetheless having a significant impact on language use in Indonesia, particularly through lexico‐semantic and pragmatic contributions to Bahasa Indonesia, the widely spoken national and official language. In complementary distribution with borrowings from other foreign languages, especially Sanskrit, English lexical items are officially or ‘spontaneously’ borrowed for use in specific domains. These borrowings are often semantically extended, restricted, or totally shifted to provide new registers for Bahasa Indonesia, to foreground a modern identity for educated urbanites and for those who aspire to be like them, and to express or neutralize new values and behavior patterns in Indonesia's rapidly modernizing society. This paper concludes that these functions of English in the linguistic repertoires of many Indonesians warrant its classification in Indonesia as an ‘additional’ rather than merely a ‘fo

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00146.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A data‐based study of the code‐switching (CS) patterns of bilingual speakers of Mandarin and English was conducted. The purpose is to discover the interrelationship between form and function in bilingual CS discourse with reference to topics and interlocutors. The informants of this study consist of 12 officers of the Mandarin College Fellowship of the Chinese Lutheran church of Honolulu. A 1‐hour audio‐taped recording of the officer's meeting held in March 1990 is the source for the present study. Both structural and functional analyses were conducted to examine the data. The results show that certain syntactic forms are utilized to express certain functions in CS discourse and the participation of interlocutors in a discussion played a very important role in establishing the base language of the discussion. This study also incorporated the ethnographic and communicative approaches to gain a fuller understanding of what factors influence bilingual CS be

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00147.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A genre‐based approach to discourse analysis has great potential for the teaching of English for specific purposes (ESP), particularly for the teaching of business writing, where communicative intentions and strategies used to realize such intentions, in the context of complex interpersonal relations between the participants involved in the communication process, are considered very crucial. This paper takes the communicative intentions of the writer of a particular type of business letter as the basis for its analysis as a genre and claims that this perspective will allow ESP practitionersi to teach business writing more effectively and economically. This paper demonstrates the process by taking examples from theUNDP‐Government of Singapore Project in Meeting the Needs of Business and Technology, where an attempt has been made to analyse authentic business letters as a genre to derive pedagogically utilizable insights and use them in the design of self‐access English for business and technology materials for tertiary levels in Sing

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00148.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The concept ‘English‐knowing bilingualism’ is particularly worthy of exploration in Singapore because of the rapidly evolving special nature of ‘bilingualism’ there and the penetration of English into several domains. The discourse of ‘English‐knowing bilinguals’ in two main domains—at home and at school—is examined in terms of the range and depth of functional uses previously suggested. The discourse is explained with a new model, that of ‘expanding triangles’ involving an increasing English‐speaking base population and two distinctive English speech clines in Singapore, graded on formality and proficiency considerations. The instrumental, regulative and interpersonal functions of language call for the subvariety of English found at the lower ends of the English speech clines in Singapore. The representative or informative and the heuristic functions have been served by the subvariety at the upper ends of the speech clines. The imaginative or innovative function has been traditionally served by a high variety of English but the lower varieties are also increasingly being used in codified texts such as poems, short stories and plays by Singaporean writers. The concept of expanding triangles in English‐knowing bilingualism is detailed in this paper to enable some comprehension of an otherwise haphazard and infinite array of linguistic diversity involving the functi

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00149.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This study explores the relationship between the theoretical study of institutionalized varieties of English (IVEs) and their application in teacher‐training programs. The first section of this paper applies concepts from the work of Michel Foucault and Clifford Geertz to the study of world Englishes. The second section reports on a survey of the curricula at 10 universities offering MATESL/MATEFL degrees. Finally, the paper describes a study comparing the attitudes of American MATESL students and African university students toward non‐native written discourse. The results of this study indicate that, while there is a nascent awareness of IVEs, a monomodel paradigm based on native‐speaker norms remains firmly entrenched in most teacher‐training programs and in the minds of many teachers the

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00150.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Seventy‐three ESL students from three groups (seventh‐grade, university intermediate, and university advanced) served as subjects in an exploratory psycholinguistic experiment designed to investigate the roles of context and selected linguistic structures on comprehension. Subjects read a free‐verse poem in one of three context conditions:full context, in which both a picture and the poem's title accompanied the poem;partial context, in which only the title accompanied it; andno context, in which neither picture nor title accompanied it. In free‐ and probed‐recall results, no significant effects were found for context. Group membership was significant for probed inferential recall of micropopositions. High‐level propositions in the text hierarchy were better recalled than low‐level propositions. No interaction reached significance. These findings suggest that ESL students tend to focus on literal language and need additional instruction in maki

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00151.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00152.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00153.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Tense in Indian English: a Sociolinguistic Perspective. By Rama Kant Agnihotri, Amrit Lai Khanna and Aditi Mukherjee.

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00154.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY