ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00302.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This issue‐oriented paper presents several dimensions of the hegemony of the English language across some of the world's major languages, and their implications for various approaches to contact linguistics. The importance of the issues raised here is related to the multidimensional character of the spread of English; the unique sociolinguistic contexts of English across cultures; the ‘love‐hate’ attitudes toward the language; and the development of CONTACT LITERATURES in world Englishes (e.g., in South and West Asia, South, West and East Africa). It is argued that, to explore the all‐pervasive impact of English, interdisciplinary research is needed on various literatures of the world; processes of literary creativity; introduction of new or modified literary genres; expansion of the thematic range; patterning of the discoursal and stylistic strategies, and issues of ideology and power. The discussion is divided into the following major sections: The spheres of Englishization; Deficit vs. dominance hypothesis; Exponents of Englishization; Englishization beyond the sentence; ‘Great tradition’ vs. ‘Little tradition’; Thematic range and literary experimentation; Englishization and code development; Englishization and linguistic schizophrenia; Contact linguistics and language policies. Finally, as an aside, the paper draws attention to Englishization and APPLIED co

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00303.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Occurrences of syntactic changes due to language contact have been described as impossible (Whitney, 1867; Meillet, 1921), doubtful (Hockett, 1958), or limited and unexplainable (Wardhaugh, 1992). But the global influence of English has shown that syntactic features of language are not immune to change. This study discusses three sources in the process of contact and convergence of syntactic features in Korean and English: grammar‐oriented method of English education, the spread of English to Korean translation publications, and the use of English‐like structures in creative Korean publications. Thus structural patterns of English have indeed ‘moved from a tenuous existence in translations to an independent and productive life’(Kubler, 1985) in Korean. As examples of Englishized structure in Korean, nine morphosyntactic changes are discussed. These include the use of plural morphemes, tense markings, pronouns and possessive determiners, passive and causative constructions, and multiple modifying

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00304.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper is a study of the impact of English on modern Chinese morphology and syntax in Taiwan. This process, termed ‘Englishization’(Kachru, 1989), was initiated by the translation of Western literary works, mainly from English, into written Chinese. First, the historical background of this process in modern Chinese will be briefly addressed. Second, the morphological and syntactic features of Chinese that have been influenced by English, and the mechanism by which these features have been brought about, will be discussed.This study has two purposes: to describe the Englishized features based primarily on previous observations of other scholars, and to present new observations of the recent developments in this process. The evidence comes from limited empirical data collected from newspapers, magazines, and creative literary texts.This research has confirmed that translation is an initiator of syntactic change and provides the mechanism through which such a process takes place. The results of the study indicate that the Englishization of modern Chinese, initiated by translation, has developed further with time and has become an inevitable tr

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00305.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The paper discusses the influence of English on Kiswahili, namely, the Englishization of Kiswahili on the basis of data extracted from various recent textbooks, pop stories, magazines, and from official documents. ‘Englishization’ is a term used to refer to the linguistic influence of English on another language. While Englishization is considered advantageous in the study of contact linguistics (B. Kachru, 1989; Weinrich, 1953), because it has become a valuable tool of modernizing a language, there are still conflicting views by Tanzanians towards this phenomenon. A certain group of speakers of Kiswahili, mainly educators, feel that the Englishization of Kiswahili is indispensable considering the role English has as a language of specialization, and its usefulness as a source of vocabulary and new ideas with which to express meanings more precisely. Others, like the purists, believe that Englishization should be avoided as it dilutes the purity of the language. While acknowledging the reality of these attitudes, the Englishization of Kiswahili is a natural development, given the historical contact between the two languages. One of the aims of this paper is to show that the modernization of Kiswahili is vital to enable it to carry out the various functions it has been called upon to fulfil in the region. It will be shown that the deliberate attempt by language planners to expand the lexicon through English borrowings not only results in modernization, but eventually leads to the Englishization of the Kiswahili lexicon. In the same way, the unconscious adoption of English grammatical devices through code‐mixing and literal translation also leads to the Englishization of Kiswahili. Most crucial is that the process of Englishization results in important language changes at the various levels of the language structure, as will be observed in this discu

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00306.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper presents an interpretative evaluation of current approaches to the systematic study of code‐switching and other related phenomena of language contact such as code‐mixing and borrowing.1Code‐switching is regarded as a skilled discourse strategy that bilingual or multilingual speakers can exploit both socially and semantically in bilingual or multilingual settings. The paper introduces a type of conceptual code‐switching that reflects that code‐contact should be studied from a sociolin‐guistic (code‐alternations) and psycholinguistic (code‐alterations) perspective. The focus will be less on a structural description of code‐contact but on the potential of code‐switching as a complex language contact phenomenon with regard to English

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00307.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper investigates mixing Arabic and English in science lectures. The phenomenon is examined mainly with reference to frequency, grammatical categories involved, and adequacy of the syntactic constraints proposed in the literature for providing a structural description of this practice. The results show that the alternate use of the two languages in teaching is a prominent feature of the lectures and occurs in different grammatical categories to various degrees. However, the conditioning factors suggested in the literature are inappropriate for a grammatical characterization of code‐mixing. So, it is suggested that further research should examine the sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic factors involved if a satisfactory description of such mixing is to be provide

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00308.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:English as a world language in Korea has played an important role in changing the Korean language. Among the most noticeable changes are that the Koreal lexis is undergoing a shift from the previous dependence on Chinese‐character words to English loanwords; Korean phonology has acquired new phonemes and phonological rules associated with the pronunciation of English loanwords; and extensive English code‐mixing and switching can be found in both formal and informal discourse in Korean. These changes are reflections of the increased importance and utility of English in Korea, favorable attitudes of Koreans toward the use of English, and above all, an increase in the number of Korean‐English bilinguals in Korea. In addition to the fact that English has gained power in Korea, a factor that contributes to increased use of English is the relative decrease in the use of Chinese‐character words that were once the symbol of education and sophistication. Moreover, linguists, educators and the mass media all seem to work together to propagate the use of English in everyday

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00309.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Cameroon English (CamE) acquires new lexical items through diverse processes. It uses various kinds of loans from French, Pidgin English and indigenous languages, whose full incorporation into CamE has been established by earlier availability and acceptability tests. Internal processes responsible for lexical innovation include semantic extension, semantic shift, derivation by prefixation, suffixation, conversion and back derivation, compounding, clipping and reduplication. French does not only donate direct loans, but also permeates every other lexical innovation process. CamE lexis derived from the multiple processes described seems quite unique, so that generalization to or from other Englishes regarding these lexical innovation processes is rather unrealistic.

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00310.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper first discusses Englishization of Japanese, focusing on the use of English borrowings in newspaper editorials. Unlike advertising texts (Takashi, 1990) and modern literature (Ono, 1992), newspaper editorials do not exploit the considerable variation in the knowledge of English among the Japanese. Rather, they cope with the variation by using mainly established borrowings and by adding glosses to nonce borrowings in order to maintain the intelligibility. Second, this paper discusses acculturation of English to Japanese culture by comparing the descriptions of things peculiar to Japan in two Japanese‐English dictionaries, whose publication dates are sixteen years apart. The sharp contrast between the two dictionaries indicates the change in the Japanese people's attitude toward English and the increasing awareness among lexicographers of the fact that they should not resign themselves to simply giving near equivalents in English to words for things Japanese. However, the acculturation process is still confined to a class of words representing things Japanese, and this shows that the Japanese variety of English remains a performance variet

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00311.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY