摘要:

ABSTRACT:While it has been shown that bilingual code‐mixing (CM) is not random and that there exist rules that determine what code‐mixes are or are not allowed in bilingual speech, it has not been established yet whether the rules in question ‘come’ predominantly from one language, the matrix language, or whether they are evenly contributed by each of the languages participating in CM. More specifically, the issue has been whether there exists a matrix language to a code‐mixed sentence, that is, a language whose morphosyntactic rules govern the syntactic structure of CM, or whether it is the case that no feasible linguistic analysis can reliably assign a matrix language to a code‐mixed sentence and that, therefore, CM is acceptable only where it does not violate the syntactic integrity of either of the languages involved. This paper attempts to address this issue in light of data drawn from natural conversations involving Chinese–English bilinguals in Singapore. Based on this data it is argued that there exists a matrix language to a code‐mixed sentence; that bilingual speakers can intuitively identify the matrix language; and that it is this language that licenses the ‘mixability’ of linguistic elements of the other language, the embedded language. This argument receives support from the language assignment test that we conducted asking Chinese–English bilinguals to determine the matrix language in a set of Chinese–English code‐mixed sentences. This paper reports on the results of this test. It also discusses the implications of these results for the syntactic structure of CM in general, and for studies of constr

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00159.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Since introducing a second language into a film is costly and inconvenient, the film‐maker's motivation for such ‘code‐switching’ must be compelling and presupposes that, within particular cultures, certain foreign languages have a significance in and of themselves that will be understood whether or not the particular words are understood. The English‐language motif in five non‐English‐language films is examined in the context of the cultural background of each film and its overall thematic concerns. In each case, the use of English is shown to be integral to the film's meaning. Frequently the films use English to establish the same ‘we–they’ dichotomy that has been shown to be operative in much spontaneous code

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00160.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper employs the frameworks of sociolinguistics and social psychology to explore the social and functional power of Nigerian Pidgin English (NPE) as it is featured in the novels of two prominent Nigerian authors, Wole Soyinka and Chinua Achebe. It is argued that, although NPE has not risen to the position of the acrolect or the prestige variety, its social and functional power as an interpreter of the Nigerian social structure cannot be discounted. Thus, the analyses undertaken in this study not only demonstrate how NPE exposes the tension and conflict between the dominant and dominated groups in Nigeria, but also how it reveals the contempt and anger the dominated have for the dominant. NPE thus becomes a code that symbolizes the solidarity of the dominated class in Nigeria. Furthermore, the analyses not only demonstrate how the dominant class use NPE as an accommodation strategy, but also how some privileged members of the dominated groups employ NPE to maintain their communicative and social distance, thereby enforcing power relations and neutralizing cultural norms. The analyses also show how the codes of the dominated groups in Nigeria become the vehicle by which they are further exploited and subjugated by the dominant class.

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00161.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:It has been asserted in the literature that allophonic variations are not only important for maintaining phonemic distinctions, but are also important for the purposes of social acceptability. This paper argues that the question of social acceptability and the concern for native‐like standards has been primarily viewed from the perspective of monolingual societies, and that social acceptability is not a linguistic issue; it has, rather, become an issue of social identity. Such an understanding has wider implications for world Englishes and the planning of ESL curricula in the Outer Circl

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00162.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00163.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00164.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00165.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00166.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00167.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00168.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY