ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00531.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00532.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines the sources of public opposition to a high‐level nuclear waste repository among samples of 1001 residents of Nevada and a national sample of 1201 residents. Two models of choice are contrasted: A benefit‐cost model and a risk‐perception model of individual choice. The data suggest that the willingness of Nevada residents to accept a repository at Yucca Mountain depends upon subjective risk factors, especially the perceived seriousness of risk to future generations. Perceived risk depends in part on level of trust placed in the Department of Energy to manage a repository safely. Opposition to a local repository did not decrease significantly if compensation in the form of annual rebates, either ($1000, $3000, or $5000 per year for 20 years) were offered to residents. The public needs to be convinced before compensation is considered, that the repository will possess minimal risks to themselves as well as to future generations, and that the site currently targeted is suitable. One way to do this is through adoption of mitigation and control procedures such as strict federal standards and local control over the operation of the repository. The federal government should also consider returning to the fair procedure for selection between candidate sites specified in the initial Nuclear Waste Policy Act of

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00533.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Health risk beliefs of homeowners near a landfill site were assessed in a survey and compared to expert judgments of the health risks of living near the site. A bimodal distribution of health risk beliefs suggested sharp disagreement between the experts and at least some of the residents. Correlates of high risk beliefs included perception of odor from the site, exposure to media coverage of the problem, having children living at home, age (younger respondents more concerned), and gender (females more concerned). An aggregated neighborhood health risk belief predicted reductions in home prices even after controlling for home physical characteristics, such as size and other disamenities such as proximity to a freeway. In the 4100 homes near the site, the estimated depression in property values was estimated to total about $40.2 million before the site was closed and to be about $19.7 million after closure. Implications of these results for community conflict and for benefit‐cost analysis of hazard site remediation are discusse

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00534.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Several factors influence peoples’decisions about food irradiation, a technology perceived as risky. Responses to questions about three dimensions of acceptability of food irradiation provide the dependent variables. Risk message characteristics, respondent background characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes form the independent variables. Multiple regression is used to assess relative effects. Levels of acceptability of food irradiation varied somewhat as the focus of the question changed: negative reactions were more likely if the question mentioned serving it to family members than it it stressed self use. The only message manipulation that had a significant impact was information about irradiated food users (e.g., astronauts) and prestigious national and international organizations that endorse food irradiation.Support for a normative/value type of decision‐making is more substantial than for a rational/technical type of decision‐making. Although knowledge of food irradiation correlates with support for the technology, trust factors are much more powerful predictors. The implications for effective risk communications are disc

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00535.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The individual plant analyses in the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's reassessment of the risk from commercial nuclear power plants (NUREG‐1150) consist of four parts: systems analysis, accident‐progression analysis, source‐term analysis, and consequence analysis. Careful definition of the interfaces between these parts is necessary for both information flow and computational efficiency. This paper describes the procedure used to define the interface between the source‐term analysis and the consequence analysis. This interface is accomplished by forming groups of source terms with similar properties and then performing one set of MACCS calculations for eac

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00536.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Risk and uncertainty are integral parts of modern technology, and they must be managed effectively to allow the development of reliable, high‐quality products. Because so many facets of technology and society involve risk and uncertainty, it is essential that risk management be handled in a systematic manner. Fault‐tree analysis is one of the principal methods used in the analysis of systems’safety. Its detailed and systematic deductive structure makes it a valuable tool for design and diagnostic purposes. Point probability and the minimization of the expected failure probability have, until recently, dominated fault‐tree analysis. A methodology that incorporates uncertainty analysis, conditional expected risk, and multiple objectives with fault‐tree analysis is presented. A computer software package termed the “Distribution Analyzer and Risk Evaluator (DARE) Using Fault Trees,” which translates the new methodology into a working decision‐support system, is developed. DARE Using Fault Trees is a flexible computer code that is capable of analyzing the risk of the overall system in terms of the probability density function of failure probability. Emphasis is placed on the uncertainty and risk of extreme events. A comparative study between existing codes for fault‐tree analysis and DARE demonstrates the strengths of the methodology. A case study for NASA's solid rocket booster is used to perform the com

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00537.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A comparison of the generation and detoxification of reactive aflatoxin B1metabolites in different species may elucidate why animal species vary widely in sensitivity to aflatoxin B1carcinogenicity, in addition to offering some perspective on how sensitive man may be to the carcinogenic effects of this mycotoxin. Scientific literature comparing the ability of cellular fractions from different species to metabolize aflatoxin B1is reviewed. However,in vitrostudies exclude components for multiple metabolic pathways, eliminating the possibility of competition between metabolic activation and detoxification. Quantification of metabolic activation by different species from these studies is therefore limited. The species‐specific carcinogenic potency of aflatoxin B1may be reflected in levels of aflatoxin B1‐DNA adducts generatedin vivo.The current paucity of quantitative information on human DNA adduct levels does not permit comparision between different species on this ba

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00538.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A review of epidemiology literature revealed that only studies conducted in Africa and Asia included data adequate to permit quantitative assessment of the dose–response relationship between aflatoxin exposure levels and liver cancer rates. Although these studies were judged adequate, their direct use to predict risks in U.S. populations may be questioned since hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are far more common in the studied areas than in the U.S. Recent research indicates that, if aflatoxin contributes to the development of liver cancer, it almost always does so in the presence of HBV infection. The African/Asian data do not permit us to estimate the potency of aflatoxin in the absence of HBV. Recognizing this, these data can only be used to establish upper limits for the predicted excess lifetime risk for liver cancer in the U.S. When used in conjunction with aflatoxin exposure estimates for the Southeast U.S., these data predict a liver cancer rate, due to aflatoxin alone, far above that actually observed due to all causes; this provides an indication of the conservatism of this approach. Data from the Southeast U.S. may be used to estimate an excess lifetime risk for liver cancer of 2.17 10‐6(aflatoxin intake, ng/kg/d

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00539.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Contaminated soil at depth can pose a threat to public health upon excavation. Following the excavation of contaminated soils, toxicants which once resided at depth become available for exposure due to direct contact. A scenario is developed that describes the excavation and redistribution of soil to the surface. Based on typical excavations occurring in a residential setting in California, soil to a depth of 10 feet is considered available for future exposure due to direct contact. The capabilities of various earthmoving equipment were employed to establish that the average toxicant level in 12 cubic yards of soil is the appropriate measure for evaluating contaminated soil at depth. This allows the evaluation of future risk to public health due to direct contact exposures following the excavation of contaminated soils at depth.SUMMARYDirect contact exposures can result if soil contamination initially at depth is excavated and distributed to the soil surface. The evaluation of future exposure to soil at depth due to direct contact should be a component of many hazardous waste site investigations.A scenario that accounts for the excavation and redistribution of soil at depth has been established. The manner in which soil would be handled by earthmoving equipment typically employed for residential construction activities, established 12 yd3of soil as a reasonable and appropriately conservative minimum amount of soil to be placed uniformly over a 1000 ft2area. In California, 10 ft is the maximum depth to which soil on a residential property is likely to be excavated.In the absence of overriding site‐specific considerations, the appropriate sampling objective for evaluating future direct contact exposures to soil contamination initially at depth is to determine average levels of toxicants in subsurface soils within 10 ft of the existing ground surface. Results of such sampling are amenable to interpretation as described in the California Site Mitigation Decision Tree(1)to determine if contamination initially at depth could present a future risk to public healt

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00540.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY