ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00515.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00516.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00517.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00518.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Consumer choice between organically (without pesticides) and conventionally grown produce is examined. Exploratory focus‐group discussions and questionnaires (N= 43) suggest that individuals who purchase organically grown produce believe it is substantially less hazardous than the conventional alternative and are willing to pay significant premiums to obtain it (a median 50% above the cost of conventional produce). The value of risk reduction implied by this incremental willingness to pay is not high relative to estimates for other risks, since the perceived risk reduction is relatively large. Organic‐produce consumers also appear more likely than conventional‐produce consumers to mitigate other ingestion‐related risks (e.g., contaminated drinking water) but less likely to use automobile se

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00519.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The risks of unfamiliar technologies are often evaluated by comparing them with the risks of more familiar ones. Such risk comparisons have been criticized for neglecting critical dimensions of risky decisions. In a guide written for the Chemical Manufacturers Association, Covelloet al.(1) have summarized these critiques and developed a taxonomy that characterizes possible risk comparisons in terms of their acceptability (or objectionableness). We asked four diverse groups of subjects to judge the acceptability of 14 statements produced by Covelloet al.as examples of their categories. We found no correlation between the judgments of acceptability produced by our subjects and those predicted by Covelloet al..

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00520.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00521.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Assessments of public perceptions of the characteristics of a nuclear power plant accident and affective responses to its likelihood were conducted 5 months before and 1 month after the Chernobyl accident. Analyses of data from 69 residents of southwestern Washington showed significant test‐retest correlations for only 10 of 18 variables—accident likelihood, three measures of impact characteristics, three measures of affective reactions, and hazard knowledge by governmental sources. Of these variables, only two had significant changes in mean ratings; frequency of thought and frequency of discussion about a nearby nuclear power plant both increased. While there were significant changes only for two personal consequences (expectations of cancer and genetic effects), both of these decreased. The results of this study indicate that more attention should be given to assessing the stability of risk perceptions over time. Moreover, the data demonstrate that experience with a major accident can actually decrease rather than increase perceptions of thr

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00522.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The analysis of probabilistic fault trees often involves the investigation of events that contribute both to the frequency of the top event and to the uncertainty in this frequency. This paper provides a discussion of three measures of the contribution of an event to the total uncertainty in the top event. These measures are known as uncertainty importance measures. Two of these measures are new developments. Each of the measures is shown to have unique advantages and disadvantages. The three measures are based on, respectively, the expected reduction in the variance of the top‐event frequency should the uncertainty in an event be resolved, the same measure based on the log frequency, and a measure based on shifts in the quantiles of the distribution of top‐event freque

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00523.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Uptake of chemicals from soil on human skin is considered. Based on a review of literature on the structure of human skin, the processes by which chemicals pass through this boundary, and experiments that reveal the rate and magnitude of this transport process; a two‐layer model is presented for estimating how chemical uptake through the stratum corneum depends on chemical properties, skin properties, soil properties and exposure conditions. The model is applied to two limiting scenarios—(1) continuous deposition and removal of soil on the skin surface and (2) a one‐time deposition of soil onto the skin surface. The fraction of soil‐bound chemical that passes through the stratum corneum is dependent on the skin‐soil layer thickness; the dimensionless Henry's law constant, Khand the octanol‐water partition coefficient, Kowof the soil‐bound chemical. The nature of this dependence

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00524.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY