ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb01074.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb01075.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mean risk magnitude judgments expressed by French students on 90 hazardous activities are reported and compared with findings on American, Hungarian, and Norwegian samples. In many respects, rating of perceived risk in the French sample is highly comparable to rating in American subjects. American and French people tend to share the same preoccupations to the same extent. The only major differences concern hallucinatory drugs and oral contraceptives. The Norwegians and French ratings differ much more. Norwegians and French people generally have the same preoccupations (which make Norwegian ratings the best predictor of French ratings) but not to the same extent. The French are much more concerned with a whole series of activities connected to violence, the implementation of high technology or agricultural technology. However, like the Norwegians, the French are extremely concerned about the spread of hallucinogenic drugs. The Hungarian and French ratings differ on practically all instances, except on basic activities or substances in all industrialized nations (caffeine, motorcycles, …). Differences were observed within the French sample itself. Women more than men consider that home appliances in general and large‐scale public transportation are potentially dangerous. Science students more than art students tend to fear a certain number of medical techniques and a certain number of toxic substances (e.g., smoki

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb01076.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper uses regression techniques to take a second look at a classic risk‐perception data set originally collected by Paul Slovic, Sarah Lichtenstein, and Baruch Fischhoff. As discussed in earlier studies, the attributesexpected mortality, effects on future generations, immediacy, andcatastrophic potentialall significantly affect risk ratings. However, we find that perceived risk and dread show different regression patterns; most importantly, only perceived risk ratings correlate with expected mortality. In addition, average risk ratings are found to be significantly affected by perceived individual benefits, which suggests that perceptions of risk are net rather than gross indicators of har

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb01077.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Crouch and Wilson demonstrated a strong correlation between carcinogenic potencies in rats and mice, supporting the extrapolation from mouse to man. Bernsteinet al., however, show that the observed correlation is mainly a statistical artifact of bioassay design. Crouchet al.have a comeback. This paper will review the arguments and present some new data. The correlation is largely (but not totally) tautological, confirming results in Bernsteinet al.

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb01078.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The objective of this paper is twofold: (1) to provide insight on the simplified MVK model of carcinogenesis (a model proposed by Moolgavkar and colleagues) by revealing the relationship between the Armitage‐Doll two‐stage model and the simplified MVK model; and (2) to extend the Armitage‐Doll two‐stage model to one with time‐varying (piece‐wise constant) parameters. It is shown that the simplified MVK model is a special case of the Armitage‐Doll two‐stage model, and many applications of the simplified MVK model involving intermittent exposures or exposures to different compounds in different time periods can be derived easily from the Armitage‐Doll two‐stage model with piece‐wise constant parameters. The limitations of the Armitage‐Doll two‐

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb01079.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper presents the findings of research relating to the 1990 Hagersville (Ontario) tire fire. After reviewing the literature on risk and risk perception, it begins by describing the event as well as the community in which it occurred. The reasons for adopting a qualitative research design are then established practical, conceptual, and methodological. The residents' accounts of the fire, evacuation, and aftermath in terms of concerns, anxieties, and responses are described. Five themes emerge: economic, community, health, environmental, and governance. The paper concludes by putting forward a case study‐derived model of risk appraisal and management, and by relating the findings to policy issue

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb01080.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro‐PAHs) constitute a group of substances formed during incomplete combustion. Sources include diesel vehicles, heating, smoking, certain types of food‐processing, and incomplete combustion in general. 2‐Nitrofluorene (NF) represents a model substance for the nitro‐PAHs. An attempt has been made to estimate the lifetime human cancer risk due to background exposure to nitro‐PAHs by two different models. The first model is based on genotoxic lesions produced by gamma‐irradiation and the second model is based on an earlier published mega study (24,000 animals) on the carcinogenicity of the major metabolite of NF. Both models agreed well‐representing a yearly human cancer risk in the range of 0.15–49 × 10−6for an urban citizen. The weaknesses and strengths of the mo

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb01081.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Over the past decade it has become increasingly difficult to site noxious facilities, despite the fact that there is a growing need to do so. To address this problem, a set of guidelines for a fairer, wiser, and more workable siting process—the Facility Siting Credo—was developed during a National Facility Siting Workshop in 1990. This paper presents an empirical test of these guidelines. A questionnaire based on the Credo was completed by stakeholders in 29 waste facility siting cases, both successful and unsuccessful, across the United States and Canada. Using an independent determination of outcome (success), a preliminary ranking of the importance of various Credo principles was obtained. The data reveal that establishing trust between the developer and host community is an important factor in facilitating the siting process. The siting process is most likely to be successful when the community perceives the facility design to be appropriate and to satisfy its needs. Public participation also is seen to be an important process variable, particularly if it encourages a view that the facility best meets community needs. Moreover, a siting process where communities volunteer to host facilities is an approach that holds promise for meeting many of these key success crite

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb01082.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act forbids employers to bar disabled persons from jobs unless employers can show the disabled person cannot perform the tasks. The Federal Highway Administration will not license persons with diabetes mellitus to drive commercial motor vehicles in interstate commerce. These individuals may experience severe hypoglycemia, greatly increasing their risk of losing control of the truck. This prohibition is currently being reexamined. We describe the disease process leading to severe hypoglycemia and its physical manifestations. To quantify the risks of licensing persons with diabetes to use insulin, we first estimate the number of potential insulin‐using drivers. We estimate that 1420 insulin‐using persons would seek licenses in the United States if they were permitted to do so (920 noninuslin dependent and 500 insulin dependent). Next, we estimate the annual incidence of mild and severe hypoglycemia in these populations. The third step is to estimate the number of hypoglycemic episodes while driving. Estimating the likelihood of a crash due to a mild or severe hypoglycemic episode is the fourth step. We estimate that an additional 42 crashes each year would occur if insulin using persons were licensed to drive commercial motor vehicles in interstate commerce (20 from insulin dependent and 22 from non‐insulin dependent dri

ISSN:0272-4332    

DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb01083.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY