ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Nuclear factor‐κB is a ubiquitous transcription factor that can be activated by diverse proatherogenic stimuli such as inflammatory cytokines, lipopolysaccharide, oxidant stress and physical forces. Recently, there have been major advances in understanding signal transduction from the tumor necrosis factor receptor, a model activator of the nuclear factor‐κB system. One set of signals from the receptor initiates a phosphorylation cascade resulting in the activation of a kinase complex which phosphorylates an inhibitor of nuclear factor‐κB, or inhibitor of kappa B. Degradation of the inhibitor occurs in parallel with activation and nuclear accumulation of the transcription factor. Subsequent changes in gene expression induce the production of multiple cytokines and adhesion molecules, which are important in early atherosclerotic lesion formation, and generation of survival signals, which could be important in lesion progression. A second set of signals from the tumor necrosis factor receptor leads to cell death. Understanding these competing pathways in vascular cells may help to clarify the role of this transcription factor in the proliferative lesions of atherogenesis. Curr Opin Lipidol 9:387–396. © 1998 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The recruitment of mononuclear leukocytes, and the migration, growth and activation of macrophages, lymphocytes and smooth muscle cells within lesions, are critical features of the chronic inflammatory response that typifies atherogenesis. Chemokines are members of a superfamily of small polypeptides that mediate not only migration, but also growth and activation of leukocytes and a variety of other cells. Monocyte chemoattractant and activating protein‐1 was the first chemokine to be implicated in leukocyte‐mediated inflammation in atherosclerosis. This review emphasizes new information on the potential atherogenic roles of monocyte chemoattractant and activating protein‐1 and several other closely related chemokines of the C–C subfamily. We focus particular attention on the newly recognized atherogenic role of a subgroup of closely related chemokines of the C–X–C subfamily that includes interleukin‐8 and growth regulated oncogene α. We also discuss new studies that reveal how CD40 ligand and certain other stimuli can promote chemokine expression in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 9:397–405. © 1998 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The importance of perivascular–endothelial cell interactions during blood vessel development is discussed in the light of recent findings in platelet‐derived growth factor‐B, platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐β, angiopoietin‐1 and tie‐2 knockout mice, which all show deficient development of perivascular cells. The initial formation of networks of endothelial tubes (vasculogenesis) does not seem to depend on the perivascular cells but subsequent vessel remodeling relies on mesenchymal–endothelial short‐range signaling. Based on findings in platelet‐derived growth factor and platelet‐derived growth factor receptor knockout mice, a general model for the role of platelet‐derived growth factors in smooth muscle development is proposed. Curr Opin Lipidol 9:407–411. © 1998 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The ability of the metalloproteinases to degrade extracellular matrix proteins is essential for the matrix remodelling that occurs during infiltration of inflammatory cells, intimal thickening, angiogenesis and plaque rupture which are a result of atherosclerosis. Increased metalloproteinase activity therefore requires stimulation of metalloproteinase expression by cytokines and growth factors, activation of metalloproteinases, and downregulation of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. In addition, metalloproteinases may influence atherosclerosis by processing of proteins involved in inflammation and cell growth and death and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases may also play a less inhibitory role by influencing cell growth and apoptosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 9:413–423. © 1998 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Scavenger receptors bind and internalize modified lipoproteins. There are several different classes of scavenger receptors in mammalian cells and their relative contribution to lipid transport in normal physiology and pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis has been the subject of intense investigation. Mice with a disruption in the macrophage scavenger receptor SR‐A gene exhibit a reduced size of atherosclerotic lesions and also exhibit an enhanced susceptibility to pathogens and endotoxic shock. In addition to their role in lipid transport, scavenger receptors play important roles in host defence and in the regulation of acquired immunity. Recent progress in delineating the mechanisms by which oxidized LDL effects changes in gene expression will be reviewed. Curr Opin Lipidol 9:425–432. © 1998 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The association of high plasma cholesterol levels with the development of atherosclerosis is well known. The metabolic pathways that are regulated by cholesterol and the mechanisms involved are less well understood. Recent studies have identified not only cholesterol, but also oxysterols and isoprenoids, derived from the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, as new signaling molecules. The transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulation of specific genes and metabolic pathways by these newly discovered signaling molecules may be important in the development of human disease and forms the topic of this review. Curr Opin Lipidol 9:433–440. © 1998 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Lipid oxidation has been shown to be a prominent feature of atherosclerosis. The presence of isoprostanes and other lipid oxidation products has been clearly demonstrated in lesions. Furthermore, antibodies to oxidized phopholipids have been identified in animal and human models. Recent evidence suggests that oxidized phospholipids may activate all vascular cell types. The identification and isolation of particular oxidative products has provided some important information about the receptors for these active lipids. Curr Opin Lipidol 9:441–448. © 1998 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Enzymes associated with circulating HDL include lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase, phospholipid transfer protein, cholesterol ester transfer protein, paraoxonase 1 and platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase. Together with lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase these enzymes produce important lipoprotein remodeling and modulate their structure and function and therefore their role in artery wall metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 9:449–456. © 1998 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The development of atherosclerosis in animal models and the incidence of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women are markedly reduced by estrogen treatment. Estrogens have acute beneficial effects on vascular reactivity and longer‐term effects on critical steps in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Phytoestrogens present in soybeans and other plant products are weak estrogens but appear to have potent beneficial effects on the arterial wall. The phytoestrogens have certain similarities to ‘designer hormones’ which are being developed to retain their beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and the skeleton without having cancer promoting effects on the breast and endometrium. Curr Opin Lipidol 9:457–463. © 1998 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID