摘要:

Summary.The development of andrology from its beginning to the present time is discussed from a historical point of view. Since andrology is a clinical discipline, only well‐trained physicians are allowed to investigate and treat patients. The term ‘andrology’, which was first introduced in the USA more than 100 years ago, was independently reborn in Germany and thereafter used in other European countries. Since then, an increasing number of physicians all over the world have applied the term ‘andrology’ for their professional work. Many local societies and groups of andrologists were established. In 1969,Andrologiawas founded as the first international journal of andrology in Germany. In the meantime, further andrological journals have been established. Concerning the future development of andrology, the following should be considered: (i) the organizational structure of andrology must include the basic training of physicians working in this field; (ii) the necessity of andrology as a medical specialty with regard to modern technologies of assisted reproduction etc., must be emphasized; (iii) internationally accepted recommendations for the training of andrologists with special reference to both clinical andrology and laboratory techniques should be established; (iv) andrology should be established as a separate specialt

ISSN:0303-4569    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0272.1996.tb02771.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.During 774 spontaneous cycles and 87 cycles of assisted reproduction, the conception rates were evaluated in 48 infertile couples in whom unilateral cryptorchidism was the causal factor. In spite of adjuvant therapy of the male partner, the spontaneous conception rate was very low (1% per cycle). Intra‐uterine insemination (IUI) and conventionalin vitrofertilization (IVF) resulted in similar success rates of 6.1 and 8.7% per cycle/attempt respectively. After intra—cyto‐plasmic sperm injection (ICSI), 46.7% pregnancies were obtained per attempt, and sperm requirements for the latter treatment to be successful were lower than for IUI. It is concluded that subfertility in men with unilateral cryptorchidism is severe, conventional IVF has little advantage, but ICSI is highly successful.Unilateral cryptorch

ISSN:0303-4569    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0272.1996.tb02772.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of sperm and seminal plasma of normal men and seminal plasma of vasectomized individuals have been identified and quantified by two dimensional (2D) electrophoresis. The sperm contains predominantly CSC and HS as well as significant amounts of DS which achieves a high level in the sperm of the youngest man, while HA and LSC are either undetectable or present in small quantities. In normal seminal plasma, characteristically, DS is essentially lacking whereas CSC is the major GAG and HA and LSC account for relatively high percentages. Interestingly, in the ejaculates of vasectomized men the DS content is relatively prominent and the HA concentration varies widely. The oversulfated chondroitin sulfates CSD/CSE were detected in 7 of the 37 specimens. Their presence in a normal human body fluid is reported for the first time and the previous observation of the youthful DS/CSC switch is expanded to this study.

ISSN:0303-4569    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0272.1996.tb02773.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.An extrapelvic subpubic approach was used in dogs to stimulate the cavernous nerve (CN) with a resulting increase in the intracavernous pressure and full erection. This approach was used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) in 15 men with a mean age of 42.6 years (range from 32 to 55 years). Routine erectile function tests showed normal readings for endocrine assay, Doppler examination of the penile arteries, penobrachial pressure index and cavernosometry. Nocturnal penile tumescence was absent.The CN was exposed through a parapenile incision. The suspensory ligament was divided and the CN searched for in the area bounded by symphysis pubis, penile crura and urethra. A bipolar platinum electrode was implanted around CN and connected to a subcutaneous receiver. Implantation was performed bilaterally in eight subjects and unilaterally in seven. Two weeks after the operation, the CN was stimulated.CN stimulation at 10 Hz frequency led to penile tumescence but no rigidity; intracavernous pressure increased (P<0.01). Upon increase of stimulation frequency, the penile tumescence as well as rigidity and pressure increased until full erection was achieved at 60 Hz. The latency and stimulation phase decreased with increase of stimulation frequency. Unilateral nerve stimulation induced erection as well.In conclusion, CN stimulation induced full erection in ED. The technique is extrapelvic and safe.Impotence

ISSN:0303-4569    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0272.1996.tb02774.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The role of the cell‐mediated immunity in male infertility is still far from clear. Interferon‐gamma (INF‐γ), a secretory product of activated T cells and natural killer cells, has been hypothesized to have a toxic effect on sperm function. The presence of INF‐γ was investigated in seminal plasma of fertile and infertile subjects, using a specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, in order to study its role in male infertility. Forty‐one subjects were studied; 20 had proven fertility and normal semen quality (fertile group) and 21 showed male infertility for at least 2 years and poor semen quality (infertile group). INF‐γ was present in significantly higher levels in the seminal plasma of infertile subjects (6.36±0.72 fmol ml−1) compared to fertile subjects (3.68±0.30 fmol ml−1). Moreover, a significant negative correlation between INF‐γ levels and sperm count, motility and morphology was detected, whereas no correlation between INF‐γ levels and leukocyte count was found. These findings (i) confirm INF‐γ to be present in seminal plasma; (ii) show increased INF‐γ secretion in the infertile group; (iii) demonstrate negative correlations of INF‐γ with the main spermiogram parameters and (iv) no correlation with leukocyte count. INF‐γ may therefore play an important

ISSN:0303-4569    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0272.1996.tb02775.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The role of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) and non‐NMDA receptors in the control of FSH and LH secretion was analysed in prepubertal male rats. In the first experiment 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 30‐day‐old males were decapitated 15 min after vehicle, NMDA or kainic acid (KA) administration. In the second experiment, 23‐day‐old males were sham‐orchidectomized or orchidectomized. Orchidectomized males were or were not implanted with silastic capsules containing testosterone and were sacrificed on day 30 after injection with vehicle, NMDA (15 mg kg−1), LHRH (100 ng rat−1), NMDA plus LHRH, or MK801, a non‐competitive NMDA antagonist, (1 mg kg−1). In the third experiment, 30‐day‐old intact males pre‐treated with Nw‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (NAME) or NG‐methyl‐L‐arginine (MA), blockers of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, were sacrificed after NMDA or KA administration. In the fourth experiment, the effects of NMDA, KA, LHRH and NAME were analysed in monolayer cultures of dispersed adenohypophyseal cells. We found that: (i) NMDA and KA stimulated LH and FSH secretion in intact males; (ii) the NMDA effect on LH secretion remained after orchidectomy; (iii) FSH and LH responses to LHRH were not affected by simultaneous NMDA administration; (iv) antagonization of NMDA receptors with MK801 reduced the LH secretion in intact and orchidectomized males and blunted the FSH response to orchidectomy; (v) the stimulatory effect of NMDA or KA on LH secretion was not affected by pre‐treatment with blockers of NO synthase; (vi) thein vitroLH secretion remained unchanged after administration of NMDA, KA or NAME. We conclude that NMDA and non‐NMDA receptors play a physiological role in the control of the basal and post‐orchidectomy secretion of gonadotropins, and that this effect is independent of changes in NO generation and does not includ

ISSN:0303-4569    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0272.1996.tb02776.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.To elucidate the influence of medium and thermal shock in inducing sperm capacitation, eight ejaculates were processed as follows. Each ejaculate was divided into three aliquots. To two of the aliquots, an equal volume of saline was added, while TEST‐yolk was added to the remaining aliquot. All three samples were cooled slowly to 5 °C and incubated for 18–20 h. After aspirating the supernatant, 6 ml of Tyrode solution containing 0.06 g% egg yolk, warmed to 37 °C was added without disturbing the sperm pellet to the aliquot containing TEST‐yolk and to one of the aliquots mixed with saline. To the remaining saline‐processed sperm pellet, 6 ml TEST‐yolk (37 °C) was added. All samples were washed twice (400 ×gfor 5 min) and processed for the sperm penetration assay (SPA). Samples, either pre‐incubated in TEST‐yolk (mean ± SEM; 65.9 ± 11.7%) or warmed (thermal shock) with TEST‐yolk (62.6 ± 12.1%) yielded significantly (P<0.05) higher SPA outcome than the samples processed and warmed with saline (17.8 ± 12.0%). The penetration indices were not statistically different from each other. It therefore appears that the medium influences the sperm capacitation process to a greater extent and may augment the influence of

ISSN:0303-4569    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0272.1996.tb02777.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Nine different cryoprotectant buffers were tested to measure their protective ability towards main sperm seminological parameters. These were: maintained sperm motility, progressive motility and sperm viability. Out of the nine tested buffers, medium E (TES‐Tris without glycerol) and H (glycerol only) showed significantly lower (P<0.001) values than the rest of the studied buffers in respect to all tested seminological features. The other media did not differ significantly in their cryoprotective abilities to sperm. Richardson's medium (A) preserved sperm viability significantly better (P<0.001) than the other tested buffers, reaching 63.1% of viable spermatozoa in proportion to the fresh sperm sample before freezing. Three cryoprotectants, A (with egg yolk, no TEST buffer system), D (neither egg yolk nor TEST buffer system), F (TEST‐egg yolk buffer system) were further studied for their ability to preserve sperm function in sperm‐cervical mucus penetration (Penetrak) and sperm penetration assay (SPA). In our hands, neither supplementation of the buffer with egg yolk nor TEST‐egg yolk buffer system promoted sperm capacity in functional tests. A,D,F buffers did not significantly differ among each other in applied functional assays, however, they all diminished (P<0.001) sperm penetration ratios when compared with fresh sperm samples. Therefore enhancement of sperm capacity to fertilize after equilibration with TEST‐egg yolk buffer system should be contes

ISSN:0303-4569    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0272.1996.tb02778.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Begründet von Prof. Dr. H.‐J. von Brandis, Bearbeit von Prof. Dr. W. Schönberger, Kinderklinik der Johannes‐Gutenberg‐Universität, Mainz:Anatomie und Physiologie für Krankenpflegeberufe sowie andere medizinische und pharmazeutische Fachberufe.A. Riva, F. Testa Riva, P. Motta (eds).Ultrastructure of the Male Urogenital Glands: Prostate, Seminal Vesicles, Urethral, and Bulbourethral Glands.P. Motta (ed)Electron microscopy in biology and medicine 11..J.‐P. Dadoune, A. Clavert, G. Arvis (eds):La voie séminale et ses glandes. Leur rôle dans l'infertilité. (Progrès en andrologie, 5)..P. Redmond (ed):Androgenic Disorders..E. S. Cibas, B. S. Ducatman:Cytology—Diagnostic Principles and Cl

ISSN:0303-4569    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0272.1996.tb02779.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0303-4569    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0272.1996.tb02780.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY