ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410090503

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractResearch that relates personality to depression is one of the dominant themes in the clinical literature. The current paper examines this research from a critical perspective. It is argued that existing research is limited by (i) a failure to adopt a broad conceptual approach to the study of personality and depression; and (ii) the use of personality measures with questionable psychometric properties. Our observations lead us to suggest that greater adherence to established methodology and conceptual developments in the personality field will result in substantial improvements in research on personality and depression, and may ultimately provide a more accurate appraisal of the role of personality factors in depression. In addition to examining important issues, key directions for future research are discussed.

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410090504

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe examine how depression relates to two broad affective dispositions which we call ‘Negative Temperament’ and ‘Positive Temperament’. Depressed individuals characteristically display a particular combination of these traits (high Negative/low Positive Temperament), which also defines the traditional ‘melancholic’ type. Other evidence, however, suggests that this pattern is not unique to depression, but may also characterize other types of disorder: high Negative Temperament, in particular, appears to be nonsignificantly associated with distress‐based psychopathology. Finally, we review data indicating that the etiology of these relations is highly complex. Specifically, it appears that (i) temperament influences the development and course of depression; (ii) depressive episodes can lead to significant changes in temperament, some of which may be permanent; and (iii) temperament and depression may reflect, in part, a common gene

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410090505

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeveral theorists have suggested that excessive concerns about social relatedness or autonomous achievement create vulnerabilities to depression in response to negative interpersonal or achievement events, respectively. In this paper, I describe these models and review empirical studies of them. I then discuss a number of methodological and conceptual issues that arise from these studies and that need to be addressed as this research area matures. Finally, I discuss findings that need to be incorporated by these models, which suggest that the relations among personality, events, and depression are more complex, bi‐directional, and recursiv

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410090506

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDysfunctional attitudes have been proposed as an important vulnerability factor in the cognitive model of depression. Yet it has often proved difficult to demonstrate their existence in non‐symptomatic populations. We examine the ways in which dysfunctional attitudes have been conceptualized and assessed, from self‐report methods to information‐processing tasks. A s dysfunctional attitudes are typically viewed as latent in non‐symptomatic groups, the importance of priming or activating such variables is emphasized, together with recommendations as to how this may best be achieved. Comparative studies of depressed, control, and at‐risk groups are then considered, together with longitudinal studies that have directly testedpredictions of the cognitive model. Prospective studies of non‐depressed, non‐clinical samples have so far had mixed results in demonstrating that dysfunctional attitudes precede depression or that specific attitudes interact with congruent events in the way the model predicts, although more consistent results emerge from clinical samples with a past history of depression. Possible reasons for the variability in findings are presented, together with suggestions for further research and a revised cognitive model

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410090507

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn personality psychology, depression is currently studied from different, largely unrelated, perspectives. This paper argues that our understanding of complex phenomena such as depression may benefit from a multilevel approach, ordering and connecting the findings obtained at different levels of inquiry. Not only can findings at a particular level be explained in terms of the lower levels, but this approach can also provide a framework for integration. Depression is examined at different levels, including genes, neurology, biochemistry, physiology, learning, social behaviour, and traits. Several interlevel connections are indicated. The findings are discussed in the context of self‐regulation as a general framewor

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410090508

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere is very little empirical work that directly assesses the neurobiological association of personality superfactors with the liability to depression. Therefore, as a means of providing a framework for future research, this article outlines the putative neurobiological foundation of three major personality superfactors: positive emotionality or extraversion, constraint or psychoticism, and negative emotionality or neuroticism. The neurobiology of these superfactors, particularly the central dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine projection systems, respectively, is derived largely from animal biobehavioral research, although human work is discussed where available. In an attempt to explore the association of this framework to depression, extreme quantitative variation in the resulting neurobiological systems, alone and in interaction with each other, is discussed in terms of different forms of depression and of modification of the phenotype and course of depression. The effects of experience on neurobiological functioning is briefly considered as a therapeutic approach, in lieu of, or in interaction with, pharmacological modulation of behavior.

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410090509

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410090510

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410090502

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY