摘要:

AbstractIn the present study 36 university students were asked to read behaviour‐descriptive sentences either under memory instructions or under behaviour‐categorization instructions. It was demonstrated that after reading sentences under memory instructions sentence recall cued by a corresponding trait adjective was better than sentence recall cued by a strong semantic associate of a sentence part. This was found despite the fact that no actors were mentioned in the sentences. This result suggests that the spontaneous encoding of sentences in trait terms during the first stage of processing behavioural information has to be interpreted as the categorization of actions rather than as the attribution of traits to actors. This categorization of a behaviour is less pronounced when it occurs spontaneously than when explicit instructions are given to do so. The impact of the occurrence of spontaneous behaviour categorization on memory‐based seq‐ or other ratings with concrete behaviour‐descriptive items is

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410040302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo studies were conducted in West Germany and the United States to investigate cultural similarities and differences on features of personality assessed through act frequency methods. The first study analysed the acts considered to be central and peripheral to each of six dispositional categories: dominance, quarrelsomeness, gregariousness, submissiveness, agreeableness, and aloofness. The results indicated moderate to strong similarity between the cultures in the prototypicality structure for all categories except agreeableness, which showed little concordance. The second study examined the manifested structure of act performance as assessed through retrospective act reports. The results indicated greater similarity of act endorsements between the two sexes within each culture than between cultures within each sex. Generally, the Americans showed higher base rates than the Germans. Furthermore, over all samples, females showed lower base rates than males. The correlations between relative base rates within each of the six different categories were moderately strong between the cultures (0.56,p<0.001). Analyses of the relations between the prototypicality structure and the manifested structure yielded a complex picture that was highly dependent on dispositional category. For quarrelsome acts, for example, the more central acts were reported to be performed less frequently in both cultures, while other categories showed positive correlations between base rates and prototypicality. The limitations of these studies are described, and future research directions regarding expanding the range of act frequency methods and the number of nations in the search for personality functioning across cultures are suggested.

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410040303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe development of a revised Strelau Temperament Inventory (STI‐R) is reported. It is assumed that the STI‐R provides a measure of the basic central nervous system (CNS) properties (strength of excitation, strength of inhibition, and mobility of the CNS) as understood by Pavlov. On the basis of a series of studies, the development of the final forms of the revised STI has undergone several steps. The following forms have been elaborated: (1) a 252‐item pilot form of the STI‐R; (2) a 166‐item STI‐R with ‘yes’ and ‘no’ answer format; (3) a short form (84 items) of the STI‐R (STI‐RS) with ‘yes’ and ‘no’ answer format; (4) a 166‐item STI‐R with a 4‐point Likert scale; and (5) an 84‐item STI‐RS with a 4‐point rating scale. The psychometric characteristics of the consecutive versions of the revised STI improved from step to step, and in general these characteristics are judged as being satisfactory. Especially recommended by the authors are versions (4) and (5), which have, among other things, the highest reliability scores. They are regarded

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410040304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract165 males and 155 females (87 per cent of the sample,N= 369, first studied at age 8) were retrieved after 18 years, at the age of 26, in the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Social Development. A mailed questionnaire, personality inventories, and criminal records were used in the analysis of adult life‐styles. Continuity in social behaviour from the age of 8 to 20 was studied earlier (Pulkkinen, 1982) within a two‐dimensional model of impulse control defined by Social Activity vs. Passivity and Strength vs. Weakness of Self‐control. The present results showed that developmental trajectories for weak and strong self‐control obtained at the earlier stages were continued in young adulthood. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the dimensions of young adults' life‐styles were formed both by the timing of entry into family roles and by differences in activities and opinions independent of it. For the latter, two dimensions of adult life‐styles were extracted in the confirmatory analysis for the two‐dimensional structure of uncontrolled activity vs. controlled passivity and controlled activity vs. uncontrolled passivity: Relapse vs. Restraint and Resilience vs. Resentment. Their strongest predictors were the Reveller vs. Loner and the Striver vs. Loser life‐styles, in the respective order, obtained in

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410040305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410040306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410040307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410040301

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY