摘要:

AbstractRecent studies at the interface of social cognition and personality theory have stressed lay persons' ability to ‘function as intuitive psychometricians’ (Epstein and Teraspulsky, 1986). This research argues that lay persons not only show a substantial degree of accuracy in estimating cross‐situational generality of behaviour, but also take into account principles of aggregation over time. In contrast, it is argued here that lay persons' perceptions of the degree of relatedness of different behaviours are mediated largely by the decontextualized semantic relationships between behavioural descriptions. This argument finds support in two experimental studies which demonstrate that the main source for subjects' judgments of ‘cross‐situational consistency’ can be found in an abstracted knowledge base which is represented and mediated through language. The implications of the findings are drawn out for personality research, in particular with reference to domain and item selection in questionnaires f

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410020402

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSemin and Krahé draw inappropriate conclusions from their two studies. The correlation between semantic similarity and assumed relatedness may well be spurious and should not be interpreted causally. Their finding that semantic similarity estimates are not influenced by the period of observation whereas, according to Epstein and Teraspulsky, the assumed relatedness of behaviours is influenced, points to the inappropriateness of Semin and Krahé's claims. Epstein and Teraspulsky's psychometric hypothesis accounts for the available findings more easily than Semin and Krahé's semantic mediation hypothes

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410020403

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study focuses on the appraisal and coping process in acute, time‐limited stressful situations in a stress experienced group: 54 Swedish police officers. Each police officer retrospectively reported their thoughts, emotions, and actions during five recent stressful job events. The relations among appraisals of threat and of coping options, seven forms of problem‐ and emotion‐focused coping strategies, and selfrated performance were examined. Compared with previous studies of ordinary people in stressful situations, the police officers felt less threatened, appraised the situations as more solvable, and used considerably more problem‐focused forms of coping. Age had a significant effect on appraisal, while organizational position had a significant effect on coping. Using latent profile analysis, four appraisal styles were obtained. Consistency of cross‐situational appraisal style amongst individuals was high. The functional relationships among variables, i.e. appraisal, coping, and performance, are

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410020404

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPersonality, mood, and psychophysiological correlates of Home and östberg's (1976) Morningness‐Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) are reported. State data were collected at both morning and evening times of day. MEQ score was related to personality traits associated with psychopathology—trait anxiety in males and psychoticism in females. The best explanation of these correlations is that personality and subject sex affect attention to zeitgebers or time of day cues. MEQ score was related to extroversion only in female subjects. A between‐subjects study showed that morningness was positively associated with high energetic arousal in the morning, as predicted, but the MEQ did not predict physiological arousal measures reliably. A subsequent within‐subjects study demonstrated sex differences in interactive effects of time of day and morningness‐eveningness in mood states related to psychological disorder. The MEQ predicted two somewhat independent circadian rhythms—one related to arousal, and one to depression. It is concluded that personality may be linked to morningness‐eveningness through associations between personality traits and cognitive and social factors affecting the entrainment of circadian rhythms to the sl

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410020405

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe assertiveness patterns of Type A coronary‐prone subjects were compared with those of Type B subjects in negative and positive situations. Type As were found to exhibit high assertiveness in both negative and positive situations. Type Bs responded as assertively as Type As in positive situations but less assertively in negative situations. The implications of the results are discusse

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410020406

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0890-2070    

DOI:10.1002/per.2410020401

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY