摘要:

The 1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act extended federal prohibitions against discrimination in hiring, firing, promotion, compensation, and other conditions of employment to state and local governments. This research examines the increase in the number of women and minorities employed by state and local governments between 1973 and 1980. It also examines the increase in the salaries of minorities and women during the same period. The total number of minorities and women in state and local government increased by 20 percent during this period. Most of this increase resulted from the hiring of women, particularly white women. Although the salaries of minorities and women increased more than 50 percent, the salaries of white males increased similarly. The salary gap between white males and minorities and women was not decreased significantly.

ISSN:0735-2166    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9906.1986.tb00144.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The late 1970s and early 1980s represent a difficult period for affirmative action programs in American cities. Given a new, conservative political environment symbolized by the re‐election of Ronald Reagan and the advent of serious fiscal constraints facing many cities, is it reasonable to expect continuing progress toward representative workforces in municipal governments? This article investigates this question using data gathered from repeated surveys of over 250 municipal police departments in major U.S. cities over the period 1981 to 1984. Findings observed suggest that although minorities made sufficient gains in these years to constitute a firm foothold for future progress, women are likely to have a long and difficult road ahead with respect to their full incorporation into municipal law enforcemen

ISSN:0735-2166    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9906.1986.tb00145.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Both political scientists and urban economists have neglected the relationship between the distribution of the tax incidence of properly tax supported municipal services and the distribution of service benefits among neighborhoods. This article directs inquiry into the “underclass hypothesis” by identifying the distribution of service benefits and tax burdens for elementary education services in a medium size city and relating service benefits and burdens to neighborhood socio‐economic status.The analysis demonstrates that while service benefits (especially expenditures) are likely to be distributed uniformly among sub‐areas of a city, the distribution of tax benefits is regressive. The result is an overall regressive distribution of service benefits/burdens. In conclusion, two explanations for this regressive distribution are e

ISSN:0735-2166    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9906.1986.tb00146.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

While the negative association between racial composition and neighborhood evaluation for white residents is fairly well established, there is less consensus on what are the precise mechanisms which produce this relationship. This paper examines three possible mechanisms in this regard: status loss, perceived decline in the quality of neighborhood services, and fears about personal safety. A survey of nine neighborhoods with different racial mixes finds evidence for the direct effect of racial composition on white residents' evaluations through status loss and its indirect effect through fears about personal safety, but no support for the notion that the racial composition effect operates through negative perceptions of neighborhood public services. Alternatively, having larger numbers of blacks in a neighborhood has a negative effect on black residents through its association with a perception of lower quality public services: at the same time, higher numbers of blacks in a neighborhood has a positive effect on black residents' evaluations of the area, once the association between racial composition and perception of quality of services is taken into account. This positive effect operates directly and also indirectly, through its association with perceptions of greater safety. The implications of these findings for the future of integrated neighborhoods are discussed.

ISSN:0735-2166    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9906.1986.tb00147.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines the impact of new housing construction upon attitudes of inner‐city residents toward their home and neighborhood in eight low income neighborhoods of a midwestern city. Effects are estimated with a quasi‐experimental a posteriori design. Data were collected by survey technique from four types of homeowners, three of which served as constructed control groups. Weighted least squares (WLS) regression was used to analyze the data, controlling on race, income, and age. Findings indicate that the housing had an effect upon both neighborhood satisfaction and satisfaction with the home, but the effect upon desire to move was less clear. Since the design can be considered relatively weak on internal validity, a number of threats to the internal validity of the results are systematically exami

ISSN:0735-2166    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9906.1986.tb00148.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Urban counties must struggle with metropolitan expansion in order to deliver vital urban services. With the passage of the Housing and Community Development Act, urban counties throughout the nation found it necessary to develop the administrative capacity and the intergovernmental network sufficient to implement the Act. Hamilton County, Ohio, offers a typical example of how an urban county implemented CDBG. The result was a small county community development staff that look a pragmatic approach and relied heavily on the recommendations of participating municipalities and townships. The funded projects were primarily oriented toward transportation and public works. These projects, widely dispersed throughout the county, rewarded diverse political interests, generated few political conflicts, and required minimal county staff resources.

ISSN:0735-2166    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9906.1986.tb00149.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY