摘要:

The purpose of this paper is to re‐examine the question of whether minorities have greater difficulties in finding and holding jobs because of the poor public transportation serving their neighborhoods and the relatively low ownership of automobiles. Earlier studies generally concluded that transportation was not a major reason for the high unemployment and low incomes characteristic of inner city minority areas. We review this literature and conclude that previous findings may understate the relationship. From survey data of workers in three companies and unemployed workers seeking jobs in the same labor market, we examine whether there are statistically significant differences by race or ethnicity associated with transportation need, availability and use. Our findings indicate that transportation does play an important role in differences in labor market outcomes for minorities and nonminorities. We also find that these outcomes are different for blacks and Latino

ISSN:0735-2166    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9906.1983.tb00025.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Stack is a central theoretical concept for which we suggest original measurement procedures. Cost variance analysis is used to measure labor organizational slack (LOS) in a national sample of American municipal governments. National norms serve as standards. Positive slack occurs when actual costs exceed standard costs. Some cities experienced positive slack, others negative slack. Staffing and Compensation Indices are estimated and found to be negatively correlated. Implications for public policy and further research are discussed.When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind.

ISSN:0735-2166    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9906.1983.tb00026.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Understanding the process of innovation adoption is of obvious importance to both researchers and practitioners in a lime when city governments are under increasing fiscal pressure. Unfortunately, previous research results in this area have been seen to be highly unstable, and several research design faults have been identified as contributing to the lack of uniform findings. This article incorporates several suggested design improvements and examines the adoption of two budgetary innovations in 45 American cities. The results again display a lack of uniformity, and a suggestion is made that the search for a general theory of innovation may prove to be a fruitless enterprise.

ISSN:0735-2166    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9906.1983.tb00027.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Bureaucratic enfranchisement refers to the formal representation of a constituency within the policy implementation process. The focus of this paper is on the participation of lower income people in policymaking under the federal Community Development Block Gram (CDBG) program. A scheme for measuring bureaucratic enfranchisement disaggregates the term into the dimensions of mode, representation field, and scope. Participation in nine cities is assessed according to these dimensions. The conclusion is that the extent of bureaucratic‐enfranchisement is quite variable and dependent on the discretion of local officials. The ability of communities to influence government decisions is most significantly limited by the narrow scope of governmental power relative to the private sector in the United State

ISSN:0735-2166    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9906.1983.tb00028.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Many municipalities own and operate the electric companies which service their population, or act as distributors of electricity which they purchase from privately owned electric companies. Municipalities will often sell electricity at a substantial profit which is credited to their General Fund and becomes a substitute for properly taxes. A case study of a Delaware municipality that follows this practice was examined to determine the impact of this practice on its local tax structure from the standpoint of tax equity. A sample of households provided data on income, property taxes, and electric usage. Profit from the sale of electricity was treated as an excise tax, and the relative burden of this tax on various income groups was compared to the relative burden of properly taxes to see which was more regressive. The study showed that the city should rely less on the electric excise tax and more on the property tax if it wished to improve the equity of its local tax structure. This case study suggests that municipalities which substitute electric profits for property taxes might improve the equity of their tax structure by amending this practice.

ISSN:0735-2166    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9906.1983.tb00029.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Program experience with the Section 8 Existing Housing program and final research findings from the Experimental Housing Allowance Program have shown that, contrary lo Chester Hartman's conclusions in his recent Journal article, housing allowance programs similar to HUD's proposed Housing Payment Certificate program are an effective way to provide housing subsidies for families in need of assistance. Comparisons with public housing and unrestricted cash grants show that allowances produce the largest increase in housing consumption per subsidy dollar, and the design of the Housing Payment Certificate program will assure that those subsidies go to families most in need. Criticisms suggesting an inadequate supply of affordable, standard housing are refuted by the Section 8 Existing record of 750,000 families now renting units on the private market. Finally, discrimination has not prevented these families from finding standard housing or moving to different neighborhoods. The Housing Payment Certificate program is proposed not as a substitute for the Department's current commitment to a range of housing programs, but rather as the vehicle for new assistance.

ISSN:0735-2166    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9906.1983.tb00030.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Housing allowances do not perform as well as other subsidy approaches along many important dimensions. Limiting allowances to the very poor guarantees failure of the program, as it is the very poor who are least able to find decent housing on the private market. Studies of the Section 8 Existing Housing program demonstrate the inadequacy of the housing stock to meet low‐income households' shelter needs. And the various forms of housing discrimination further reduce access to vacant units. Finally, the reduction in subsidy levels proposed in the Housing Payment Certificate program, compared with the Section 8 program, makes the program's “shopper's incentive” illusory. The program likely will result in higher rents and will exacerbate the affordability problem it was designed to alle

ISSN:0735-2166    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9906.1983.tb00031.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY