摘要:

The reaction power densities for the important nuclear fusion reactions are compared with the radiation losses due to Bremsstrahlung and cyclotron radiation. Some properties of an ionized plasma and the particle motions in such a plasma are discussed and methods of containing a plasma within magnetic confining fields are described. The present ideas on the stability of such confining fields, resulting from several theoretical studies, are outlined, and various means of heating the plasma are discussed. The main features of the experimental devices disclosed at Geneva in 1958 are compared, and the leading experimental results reported at the 1959 I.E.E. Convention on Thermonuclear Processes are reviewed.

ISSN:0010-7514    

DOI:10.1080/00107516008202610

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0010-7514    

DOI:10.1080/00107516008202611

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Observations of primary cosmic-ray particles entering the upper atmosphere show that the solar system is situated in an isotropic flow of protons and of heavier nuclei, and that these particles carry energy which can vary from small values to values so great that we cannot at present define the upper limit of energy carried by a single particle.

ISSN:0010-7514    

DOI:10.1080/00107516008202612

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The purpose of this paper is to consider some examples of what happens in major turning-points in scientific thinking. It is also aimed to show how the critical study of the history of science can throw light both on how science works as an intellectual discipline and on how scientists think and what they do. In critical history the analysis of history involves at the same time an analysis of science. The critical history of the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century raises the larger question of why and how the West became a scientific civilization at all. This is suggested as an ideal topic for the treatment of science as a general subject in the fifth form. It leads to several different kinds of question concerning the internal content and structure of science, the influence of general ideas, and the influence of social and economic conditions, which can be discussed from different backgrounds in the arts and sciences. But the central problem of the scientific revolution is what happened in science. There seems to have been a fundamental mutation in ideas and in the questions asked in science. These led to new techniques for answering the questions, especially by means of experiment and mathematics. These changes are illustrated by means of Galileo's contribution to the invention of the concept of inertia, Descartes' model of the animal automaton, and Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. In every case the turning-point appears as a result of active speculation and the manipulation and dissection of nature and critical re-assessment of basic theoretical assumptions. Of special importance is the explicit use of designed analysis by the manipulation of mathematical concepts, designed experiments, and hypothetical models.

ISSN:0010-7514    

DOI:10.1080/00107516008202613

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Large differences exist between the theoretical and experimental values of the mechanical strength of solids. Features of this phenomenon for glass are outlined together with a review of the current, incomplete explanation.

ISSN:0010-7514    

DOI:10.1080/00107516008202614

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Television can be used in the service of informal education, or more formally in schools and colleges. This article deals with the educational problems raised by the latter use. Those problems will only be solved when scientists in general take the medium seriously enough to master its techniques of communication and to co-operate in assessing its impact. Its powers and limitations, which are not basically different from those of film, can already be discerned in broad outline. The ways in which it is being developed in different countries depend not only on the qualities of the medium but on their differing educational systems. In this country the emphasis is on the help which television can give to the teacher at all levels rather than on the possibility of replacing him. The nature of that help must be determined in the light of educational purposes.

ISSN:0010-7514    

DOI:10.1080/00107516008202615

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0010-7514    

DOI:10.1080/00107516008202616

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0010-7514    

DOI:10.1080/00107516008202617

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0010-7514    

DOI:10.1080/00107516008202619

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0010-7514    

DOI:10.1080/00107516008202620

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor