摘要:

A number of factors that coalesced in the Venus figurines of the Late Neolithic culture from Hungary have been identified with dominant hallucinatory themes, suggesting the crucial role of ecstatic relgion in this culture. This article provides a review of the nature and role of hallucinogens in the ecstatic religion of contemporary and historical cultures in order to establish a background for analysis. Analysis of these Late Neolithic artifacts indicates the presence of a number of themes associated with hallucinogen use: the presence of iconographic elements similar to eidetic forms; the use of red color; anthropo- and theriopomorphic figurines in seated postures; and specific patterns of breakage with disposal. The discussion illuminates the crucial features as well as the role and significance of these factors in ecstatic cults.

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1989.10472147

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The literature on shamanism generally describes a specially gifted individual who is able to contact and communicate with a realm where spirit beings offer wisdom and help, and who actively transmits this knowledge to others. There seem to be approximately five features that define shamanism: the necessity of a“call”—an illness or accident that signifies the necessity of the individual to work with the spirits; the method used to achieve communion with the altered state of reality; the quality of the altered state of consciousness (ASC); the process of healing that is utilized; and the psychic feats that distinguish the abilities of a shaman. Carl Jung displayed all five of these features in his life and psychotherapy, including dreams and waking fantasies in childhood; the use of active imagination in the induction of an ASC; contact with forces, knowledge, and power of the unconscious; adual“personality,”and the dialogue with the inner world—the unconscious, the realm of the archetypes; the use of these discoveries to counsel, advise, and heal; and psychic abilities, such as clairvoyance and out-of-body experiences.

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1989.10472148

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article reviews the role of psychedelic drugs as potential tools for psychiatric research and practice. The decline in the utilization of these substances is linked to social reactions, which led to psychedelics being scheduled as controlled substances and consequently unavailable for human research. Three different paradigms for the use of psychedelics in psychiatry are reviewed: the psychotomimetic, the psycholytic, and the psychedelic approaches. The psychotomimetic paradigm, which viewed hallucinogens as agents for temporarily inducing psychoses, proved to be of limited value to the understanding and treatment of mental illness. The psycholytic approach, which was derived from the psychoanalytic paradigm, is a technique employing low doses of psychedelic drugs to reduce psychological defenses and to release unconscious information. The high-dose psychedelic paradigm frequently produced reports of mystical or spiritual experiences, thus recasting the psychiatrist as the modem-day shaman. This paradigm has alienated many in the psychiatric profession and has led to a reaction against the use of psychedelics in psychotherapy. If the opportunity should arise to pursue sanctioned clinical research with these unique psychoactive substances, however, it will be imperative to learn from the traditional models of shamanic healers in order to optimally assess true clinical efficacy and safety.

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1989.10472149

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on creativity were examined in a unique experiment in the late 1950's. In this project, artists were asked to draw and paint a Kachina doll both prior to and one hour after the ingestion of LSD. Evaluations of these artistic productions were analyzed by a professor of art history in order to investigate the impact of LSD on artistic creativity. Certain representative changes were found in the artists' predominant style. The most significant change was noted in those artists whose styles were intrinsically representational or abstract to more expressionistic or nonobjective. Other changes noted included the following: relative size expansion; involution; movement; alteration of figure/ground and boundaries; greater intensity of color and light; oversimplification; symbolic and abstract depiction of objects; and fragmentation, disorganization, and distortion. Many artists judged their LSD productions to be more interesting and aesthetically superior to their usual mode of expression. The above-mentioned changes contributed to the artists' convictions that they were fashioning new meanings to an emergent world.

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1989.10472150

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1989.10472151

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor