ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1989.10472168

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractTobacco has caused the greatest epidemic of the twentieth century, which is beginning to wane in the United States, but is still growing in much of the world. The epidemic developed as a result of innovations in the tobacco indusuy and larger cultural changes over the 75 years prior to the introduction of Camel cigarettes in 1913. Factors that set the stage for the epidemic include the development of flue-cured and Burley tobaccos, the mechanization of cigarette production with its consequent concentration of capital in a few companies, the safety match, efficient transportation systems, and innovative advertising. Between 1913 and 1963, the cigarette industry experienced almost unbroken growth in the United States. However, since the early 1950s, increasing evidence that cigarettes cause lung cancer and other diseases has dictated that product innovation concentrate on the appearance of safety. In the late 1960s and for a sustained period since 1973, cigarette consumption has declined in the United States, but in the developing world the epidemic curve of cigarette use is still on the upswing. As tobacco use declines in the United States, it is crucial that the production of tobacco products as well as their consumption be reduced. Otherwise, attempting to control the problem in the United States will not result in a net reduction in mortality around the world.

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1989.10472169

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe 1986 Adult Use of Tobacco Survey conducted by the Office on Smoking and Health of the Centers for Disease Control asked detailed questions on smoking behavior from a representative sample of 13,031 Americans. Using a smoking continuum developed from that survey as an index, it was postulated that a hard-core group of smokers would be overrepresented in some categories of this continuum in certain groups of the population. In this survey, more women than men who had quit in the preceding year had relapsed to smoking by the time of the survey. However, the fact that similar proportions of men and women had quit smoking for between one and five years suggested that the difference might not have involved the proportion who relapsed but only the timing of that relapse. Smokers over the age of 65 are more likely both to attempt to quit and to continue abstaining than those between ages 25 and 64. Results from this survey do not indicate a major group of smokers who either resist change or who feel unable to quit successfully.

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1989.10472170

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractUsing the 1987 General Social Survey data, the factors related to the disproportionately higher rates of cigarette smoking by Black Americans were investigated. Previous studies have found smoking to be highly correlated with age, social class, and occupational stress, among other factors. It is uncertain whether race is an independent predictor of smoking rates or whether it is primarily a correlate of other demographic variables. Loglinear modeling and log it regression analysis suggested that racial differences between Blacks and Whtites in smoking may be spurious. The multivariate analysis established that class and stress differences remained more potent than race in accounting for variations in smoking behavior.

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1989.10472171

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractTo investigate trends in the prevalence of cigarette smoking among different age groups of Mexican-Americans, Cuban-Americans, and Puerto Rican-Americans, the smoking histories of 8,286 adults and adolescents from the 1982–83 Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) were evaluated. Age-specific prevalence rate curves were constructed by using the estimated smoking rates among 8-, 18-, 28-, 38-, 48-, and 58-year olds from 1923 to 1983. Age-specific rates were higher for men than for women. However, rates declined over time among all age groups of Mexican-American men, and among Cuban-American and Puerto Rican-American men older than 18 years. In contrast, rates for Mexican-American women did not change appreciably over time, but they increased markedly for 28- and 38-year-old Cuban-American women and most age groups of Puerto Rican-American women. These results suggest that rates of cigarette smoking among Hispanic women are beginning to converge with those of Hispanic men, and that rates of smoking initiation among Cuban-American boys and Puerto Rican-American boys and girls have either remained unchanged or increased markedly over time.

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1989.10472172

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractIn 1983, lung cancer exceeded breast cancer as the leading cause of death in American women. Between 1950 and 1985 there was a 500% increase in lung cancer deaths in women, and this trend is not expected to improve in the next decade. There is no corresponding increase in the overall incidence of lung cancer in the general population of the United States. Cigarette smoking is clearly the primary risk factor in this group and the role of passive smoking remains controversial. Various other etiologic factors, including a shift in occupational exposure, may play a minor role in the development of lung cancer in women. The risk of lung cancer in smokers does not return to that of nonsmokers until 15 years after smoking cessation. If the incidence of smoking in American women was reduced to pre-1950 levels, it is estimated that lung cancer in women would once again become a rare finding after the year 2000.

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1989.10472173

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractNicotine dependence in alcohol-involved adults is a long-ignored treatment problem. The absence of its discussion in the literature is difficult to defend in light of medical and epidemiological data on the cost and prevalence of this dual addiction. Most descriptive studies of alcohol abusers published in the past 20 years have reported tobacco use rates of at least 90%. There is a crucial need to educate treatment professionals and their clients about the additional health risks associated with joint nicotine dependence and alcoholism. Historically, certain barriers to active intervention have existed in drug abuse treatment facilities, including (1) concerns that urging clients to quit smoking might have an adverse effect on their maintenance of sobriety, (2) a tendency to minimize the strength and severity of nicotine addiction, (3) a lack of informative data on how best to treat smoking in recovering alcoholics, and (4) financial issues related to marketing and insurance compensation. Recent data obtained from recovering alcoholics who have tried to quit smoking and anecdotal reports from alcoholism treatment centers that have begun addressing nicotine addiction are now challenging these barriers. Education, role modeling, environmental control, and development of staff expertise can be incorporated into standard alcoholism treatment programs to jointly treat these paired addictions.

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1989.10472174

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractNumerous investigators have examined the role of negative affective states and affect regulation in the initiation and development of cigarette smoking behavior, smoking cessation, and relapse prevention. Affect regulation refers to any attempt to alleviate negative mood states by means of pharmacologic-, cognitive-, behavioral-or environmentalchange methods. The psychological construct/process of affect regulation is examined in relation to (1) the initiation, development, and maintenance of the cigarette smoking habit; (2) the process of quitting smoking; and (3) the long-term maintenance of smoking abstinence versus relapse. Various psychosocial factors and physiological mechanisms are explored that have been hypothesized to be links between negative mood states, nicotine addiction, and smoking cessation. Implications for smoking cessation treatment are discussed in the areas of (1) the use of pharmacologic agents, such as clonidine, in the reduction of nicotine withdrawal symptoms; (2) nicotine replacement therapy; and (3) skills-training approaches to smoking cessation and relapse prevention.

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1989.10472175

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractIt has become more commonplace to find that today's smokers fit into one of four target populations: (1) persons with a history of cessation failures; (2) persons with a history of other addictive disorders; (3) persons with smoking-related diseases; and (4) persons with a history of psychiatric impairment. This article addresses the need to expand and create a new methodology for smoking cessation to suit these patients. Interventions geared toward a tertiary level of treatment are offered. This article also examines treatment within the context of phase-specific interventions.

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1989.10472176

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe U.S. Surgeon General's 1988 report on nicotine addiction has increased the need for the substance abuse treatment community to become more involved in smoking cessation programs. A unique approach to nicotine detoxification has been developed at the Haight Ashbury Free Clinics' Drug Detoxification, Rehabilitation and Aftercare Project. After an evaluation by a physician, a thorough explanation of the treatment plan, and if the patient is interested, a combination of clonidine via the transdermal patch (Catapres-TTS) and of nicotine replacement via nicotine polacrilex (Nicorette) is used. By combining a Nicorette taper with clonidine, the physician can control the rate of nicotine withdrawal (Nicorette) and the extent to which withdrawal symptoms are treated (clonidine). This appears to be an effective, comfortable method for detoxification from cigarettes and nicotine. Its use should prove helpful as an adjunct to a comprehensive smoking cessation program.

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1989.10472177

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor