ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1992.10471630

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractTobacco has caused the greatest epidemic of the twentieth century, which is beginning to wane in the United States, but is still growing in much of the world. The epidemic developed as a result of innovations in the tobacco industry and larger cultural changes over the 75 years prior to the introduction of Camel cigarettes in 1913. Factors that set the stage for the epidemic include the development of flue-cured and Burley tobaccos, the mechanization of cigarette production with its consequent concentration of capital in a few companies, the safety match, efficient transportation systems, and innovative advertising. Between 1913 and 1963, the cigarette industry experienced almost unbroken growth in the United States. However, since the early 1950s, increasing evidence that cigarettes cause lung cancer and other diseases has dictated that product innovation concentrate on the appearance of safety. In the late 1960s and for a sustained period since 1973, cigarette consumption has declined in the United States, but in the developing world the epidemic curve of cigarette use is still on the upswing. As tobacco use declines in the United States, it is crucial that the production of tobacco products as well as their consumption be reduced. Otherwise, attempting to control the problem in the United States will not result in a net reduction in mortality around the world.

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1992.10471631

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractNumerous investigators have examined the role of negative affective states and affect regulation in the initiation and development of cigarette smoking behavior, smoking cessation, and relapse prevention. Affect regulation refers to any attempt to alleviate negative mood states by means of pharmacologic-, cognitive-, behavioral-or environmental change methods. The psychological construct/process of affect regulation is examined in relation to (1) the initiation, development, and maintenance of the cigarette smoking habit; (2) the process of quitting smoking; and (3) the long-term maintenance of smoking abstinence versus relapse. Various psychosocial factors and physiological mechanisms are explored that have been hypothesized to be links between negative mood states, nicotine addiction, and smoking cessation. Implications for smoking cessation treatment are discussed in the areas of (1) the use of pharmacologic agents, such as clonidine, in the reduction of nicotine withdrawal symptoms; (2) nicotine replacement therapy; and (3) skills-training approaches to smoking cessation and relapse prevention.

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1992.10471632

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractNicotine dependence in alcohol-involved adults is a long-ignored treatment problem. The absence of its discussion in the literature is difficult to defend in light of medical and epidemiological data on the cost and prevalence of this dual addiction. Most descriptive studies of alcohol abusers published in the past 20 years have reported tobacco use rates of at least 90%. There is a crucial need to educate treatment professionals and their clients about the additional health risks associated with joint nicotine dependence and alcoholism. Historically, certain barriers to active intervention have existed in drug abuse treatment facilities, including (1) concerns that urging clients to quit smoking might have an adverse effect on their maintenance of sobriety, (2) a tendency to minimize the strength and severity of nicotine addiction, (3) a lack of informative data on how best to treat smoking in recovering alcoholics, and (4) financial issues related to marketing and insurance compensation. Recent data obtained from recovering alcoholics who have tried to quit smoking and anecdotal reports from alcoholism treatment centers that have begun addressing nicotine addiction are now challenging these barriers. Education, role modeling, environmental control, and development of staff expertise can be incorporated into standard alcoholism treatment programs to jointly treat these paired addictions.

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1992.10471633

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractAlthough smoking-cessation rates have continued to increase, the vast majority of smokers who quit eventually relapse. Between 1974 and 1985, over 1.3 million smokers quit during each of those years. However, 75% to 80% of those individuals resumed smoking within six months. This article describes the dynamic phenomenon of smoking relapse within the context of cyclical episodes of smoking and quitting during an individual's lifetime. Theories of the determinants of smoking relapse are reviewed and methods designed to prevent relapse are described. Smoking relapse is discussed in terms of three aspects of tobacco addiction: (1) biological-addiction mechanisms, (2) conditioning processes, and (3) cognitive-social learning factors. The major determinants of smoking relapse are reviewed, including nicotine withdrawal, stress, weight gain, social influences, conditioning factors, causal attributions, and environmental variables. A transtheoretical-developmental model is explored in the longitudinal investigation of the natural history of slips (lapses) and relapse episodes. Relapse prevention interventions are described that emphasize self-awareness, self-regulation, self-efficacy, affect regulation, social support, and lifestyle balance. Recent developments in pharmacological adjuncts to treatment are also examined. It is concluded that innovative relapse prevention methods need to be designed for hard-core smokers with histories of cessation failures, substance abuse and/or psychiatric impairment. These and other recommendations for future research on smoking relapse and relapse prevention are discussed.

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1992.10471634

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1992.10471635

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1992.10471636

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1992.10471637

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1992.10471638

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0279-1072    

DOI:10.1080/02791072.1992.10471639

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor