ISSN:0270-3211    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6866(1990)2:2<105::AID-TCM1770020203>3.0.CO;2-I

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOccupational exposure to chemical mutagens can be monitored by measuring the chemical interaction that occurs between the exposing agent and biologic macromolecules. Such interaction is detectable in the body fluids as adducts of, e.g., DNA or glutathione. The mutagenic compounds or their metabolites can also be measured from urine samples, by use of bacterial mutagenicity assays. Much basic research is still needed before these methodologies are applicable for routine monitoring. At present, cytogenetic approaches appear to be nearest to routine surveillance in detecting early biologic effects in exposed humans. Studies on structural chromosome aberrations or sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in peripheral blood lymphocytes obviously detect different molecular injuries, and the results from in vivo occupational exposures do not necessarily correlate. Somatic chromosome damage should always be considered a warning sign of potentially adverse effects, and such damage should lead to decreased exposure to the causative agent.

ISSN:0270-3211    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6866(1990)2:2<137::AID-TCM1770020204>3.0.CO;2-4

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe report further findings of a survey of manufacturers, processors, and importers of chemicals determined by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) to be animal carcinogens, but whose carcinogenicity in humans was considered uncertain because of inadequate epidemiologic data. We requested epidemiologic studies from the companies marketing or using any of the 75 IARC animal carcinogens in commerce in the United States. Eighteen of the 75 IARC animal carcinogens had volumes listed of 106lb/year or greater, with 8 of the 13 chemicals for which studies had been completed or are in progress in this “high vol‐ume” category. The use category with the largest number of chemicals was drugs‐19 of the 75 IARC animal carcinogens were in this category. However, none of the 13 chemicals included in epidemiologic studies was a drug. Seven of the 13 chemicals included in studies were used primarily as pesticides. We received little information on dyes and dye intermediates, experimental carcinogens, and drugs, all of which are produced in relatively low volumes; these categories represent 42 of the 75 IARC animal carcinogens. Low volumes and declining usage/production appear to be barriers to performance of epidemiologic studies. Information we received suggests that sometimes the problem of low production volume may be avoided by studying users rather than production workers. Overall, however, we expect few additional epidemiologic studies of the 75 IARC animal carc

ISSN:0270-3211    

DOI:10.1002/tcm.1770020205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere is no evidence concerning human carcinogenic potential of most substances to which workers are exposed. A case‐control type method has been developed to discover heretofor unsuspected occupational carcinogens. Incident cases of cancer of several sites are ascertained and the subjects are interviewed to obtain detailed job histories. The job histories are subsequently examined by chemists and engineers who infer for each job a list of potential chemical and physical exposures. These lists of exposures then become the basis of case‐control type statistical analyses, wherein each site included and each exposure noted in any history are evaluated for possible association. Controls can be selected in the general population, among non‐cancer hospital patients or, as we do, among other cancer patients. Preliminary findings from a pilot study in Montreal show that 1) an efficient case ascertainment system and an acceptable interview procedure can be set up, 2) job histories provided by respondents are quite valid, 3) chemists' translations of job histories into histories of chemical exposures seem to be meaningful and useful, and 4) at least one carcinogenic agent, cigarette smoking, is detectable whether a population control series or a cancer control series is

ISSN:0270-3211    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6866(1990)2:2<169::AID-TCM1770020206>3.0.CO;2-O

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDose‐response data from experimental and epidemiologic carcinogenicity studies were analyzed in attempts to resolve basic questions in extrapolating from high to low doses and assessing human risk.Four models (Weibull, Mantel‐Bryan, Marshall‐Groer, and Manucuso‐Stew‐ art) were fit to 46 sets of experimental and 4 sets of epidemiologic data by maximiz‐ing the likelihood function with a Rosenbrock hill‐climbing algorithm. The models were compared as to their adequacy in describing the data and analyzed to determine the effect of carcinogen and breeding category, species, and spontaneous tumor incidence. The shapes of the dose‐response curves were analyzed, and errors in risk estimation from linear extrapolation through the origin were calculated.All models were shown to fit the data and to be comparable in accuracy. The dose‐response curves were generally “stretched out,” particularly for outbred strains, with one or two orders of magnitude of dose increase required to increase the proportion of tumor responders from 10% to 70%. Linear extrapolation through the origin generally underestimated the response at low doses, frequently by several orders of magnitude. The power dependence of tumor incidence on dose was generally found to be of the order of unity, substantially less than assumed in mos

ISSN:0270-3211    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6866(1990)2:2<179::AID-TCM1770020207>3.0.CO;2-I

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAmong 813 women who had obtained a vaginal spermicide within 48 weeks of the estimated date of fertilization (EDF), 47 (5.8%) had an early miscarriage. Among women who had obtained oral contraceptives, 35/1,127 (3.1%) miscarried, and among women who obtained neither, 140/4,231 (3.3%) miscarried. The risk ratio estimate comparing spermicide users with nonusers was 1.8 (90% confidence inter‐ val 1.4, 2.3). The association was strongest among women who had obtained a spermicide within 12 weeks of the EDF. Examination of abortus material revealed that the association with spermicides was strongest among those where an abnor‐ mal fetus was pres

ISSN:0270-3211    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6866(1990)2:2<205::AID-TCM1770020208>3.0.CO;2-2

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMany industries have initiated testing programs designed to identify workers who are especially vulnerable to workplace assaults by carcinogenic or mutagenic agents. This paper examines a number of legal issues attendant on such programs, including disclosure and consent, confidentiality, and other potential liability‐producing factors. This paper also briefly looks at the legal issues that might arise if the federal government were to mandate similar programs. Finally, the basic rationale of industrial monitoring programs is discussed within the context of the emerging legal issue

ISSN:0270-3211    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6866(1990)2:2<211::AID-TCM1770020209>3.0.CO;2-0

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0270-3211    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6866(1990)2:2<::AID-TCM1770020202>3.0.CO;2-F

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY