摘要:

AbstractThree explanations typically are offered for differences in earnings: (1) individuals have different levels of human capital and hold different jobs (endowments differ), (2) rewards to human capital and job characteristics differ (returns differ), and (3) some combination of differences in endowments and returns explain variations in earnings. We argue that the structure of labor markets in nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) areas differs from that in metropolitan (metro) areas such that returns, as well as endowments, vary. These variations in returns favor metropolitan workers, explaining the predominant portion of the metro/nonmetro earnings gap. We examine the earnings differences for metro and nonmetro men and women in both 1977 and 1987, showing that returns outweigh endowments in explaining that gap for both men and women, although their importance decreases over the ten‐year period. Research to improve our understanding of how differences in labor market structure produce differential returns has begun and may yield yet another avenue for action for policymakers interested in reducing metro/nonmetro inequalitie

ISSN:0036-0112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1991.tb00438.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious research on the effects of urbanization on farming and farm families has focused on the consequences of urban expansion on farming practice rather than on the well‐being of farm families. Proximity to urban areas has been found to alter the way farm families utilize the nonfarm labor market. In this study, the off‐farm earnings of husbands and wives in farm families are compared across metropolitan (metro) and nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) areas using data from the March supplement to the 1989Current Population Survey. Censored regression models (tobit) and decomposition are used to demonstrate the effects of nonfarm labor market differences on off‐farm labor force participation and earnings. The analysis reveals that farm family members, as expected, have significantly higher rates of participation and earnings in metropolitan areas. But this analysis also reveals that increases in off‐farm participation are likely to have a larger effect on total off‐farm earnings in nonmetropolitan areas than returns to those already working off‐farm. The potential for increases in off‐farm earnings will be underestimated in nonmetro areas when changes in participation in the off‐farm labor market are not tak

ISSN:0036-0112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1991.tb00439.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study assesses the impact of agricultural, export‐oriented policies on food consumption through a time‐series, cross‐sectional regression model. The results of this study lead to three basic conclusions.First, there is a significant negative relationship between agricultural export promotion and food consumption. Economic growth and increasing agricultural exports earnings do not necessarily increase food security. Second, protein consumption per capita constitutes a more sensitive indicator of changes in food consumption and a proxy for the distributional dimension of the food consumption problem. Third, alternative policies should incorporate agricultural export into a broader agroindustrial development strategy aimed at achieving food security both by increasing income and by food produ

ISSN:0036-0112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1991.tb00440.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWorld‐system theory, dependency theory, and other critical perspectives indicate that activities of transnational corporations (TNCs) promote hunger in the Third World. However, cross‐national research on effects of dependence has largely ignored this fundamental manifestation of underdevelopment. This study examines the impact of transnational corporate investment on food consumption in 60 countries. Per capita consumption of calories and protein from 1970 to 1985 is regressed on 1967 transnational corporate investment penetration (investment stocks), 1967 consumption, and appropriate controls. The results strongly support perspectives critical of TNCs. Transnational corporate penetration has a substantial detrimental effect on food consumption which grows with the length of the lag between penetration and the dependent variables. This finding is confirmed by robust regression analysis. Over the 1967–1985 period, countries with minimal transnational corporate penetration are estimated to have gained approximately 700 more calories and 20 more grams of protein consumption per person per day than countries with maximal transnational corporate penetr

ISSN:0036-0112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1991.tb00441.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCurrent debates and conflicts in agriculture appear to reflect the competing perspectives of two increasingly distinct camps of agricultural stakeholders: proponents of “alternative agriculture” and proponents of “conventional agriculture.” Several analysts have argued that members of these two camps hold fundamentally divergent paradigms of agriculture, and thus, literally see the world quite differently. The purpose of this paper is to describe an instrument—the Alternative‐Conventional Agriculture Paradigm Scale (or ACAP Scale)—developed to measure the basic beliefs and values assumed to constitute the two competing perspectives in agriculture.Items designed to tap all of the major dimensions identified in the alternative‐conventional agriculture debate were included in surveys of known groups of alternative and conventional agriculturalists, as well as in a statewide survey of farmers. The items discriminate significantly between the three samples (with the statewide farmer sample taking the intermediate position), suggesting their validity as measures of the elements of the competing agricultural paradigms. The items also exhibit a high degree of internal consistency, indicating the appropriateness of combining them into a single instrument to measure adherence to alternative versus conventional agriculture. As expected, the known groups provide more consistent responses than do the statewide sample of farmers, presumably reflecting the greater ideological coherence of social movement and interest group members. However, the alternative agriculturalists are far more consistent than are the conventional agriculturalists, and potential explanations for this finding are drawn from recent work on s

ISSN:0036-0112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1991.tb00442.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractKassab (1990) makes an important methodological contribution by urging the use of robust regression methods in the study of community economic impacts and by indicating the utility of the bootstrap in assessing standard errors in robust regression. By introducing the notion of a contaminating distribution, we reconcile differences between her claim that ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is biased when outliers are present and standard linear model theory that does not make assumptions about the shape of the residual distribution in proving OLS an unbiased estimator. The contaminating distribution provides a framework for rural sociologists to link their statistical assumptions to a substantive understanding of the phenomena being studied. We suggest an alternative regression estimation strategy that may be more robust than the technique she uses. We also discuss an approach to bootstrapping that is more appropriate for macro‐level social indicator data than the one she describes. An appendix discusses the software available for implementing these method

ISSN:0036-0112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1991.tb00443.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlthough decline and convergence in metropolitan (metro) and nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) fertility levels are longterm trends, a detailed analysis of the period since 1970 shows a pattern of exceptions and conditions which underscore the need for giving continued attention to differences by residence. There was a divergence of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan fertility rates in the 1970–1980 decade, but the renewed convergence since 1980 has made an important contribution to the turnaround reversal of metropolitan‐nonmetropolitan population change. This recent rate convergence is not a simple coming together of the age‐specific rates, but the balancing of changes in opposite directions for younger and older women. Metro‐nonmetro differences widened in favor of nonmetro for women 20–24 years of age and in favor of metro for women over 30 years of age. The apparent catching up of postponed first and second births is found primarily among metropolitan women over 30 yea

ISSN:0036-0112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1991.tb00444.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY