ISSN:1040-3108    

DOI:10.1002/cpe.4330030602

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper is a survey of activities related to parallel computing that took place primarily during the 1980s. The major areas covered are hardware, software, and performance measurement and characterization. Emphasis is on identifying the major milestones of the decade and on commercial computers rather than present a comprehensive survey of the field. The material is treated from the user's point of view.

ISSN:1040-3108    

DOI:10.1002/cpe.4330030603

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper describes the design, implementation, and performance of ES‐Kit, a distributed object‐oriented system being developed by the Experimental Systems Project at the Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation. The operating system consists of a kernel and a set of Public Service Objects which dynamically extend the functionality of the kernel by providing several traditional operating system services when required by application objects. Applications for the ES‐Kit environment are written in GNU C++ and do not require additional language primitives for distributed execution. Initial performance results from a representative set of applications indicate that the object‐oriented paradigm provides a powerful solution to distributed prog

ISSN:1040-3108    

DOI:10.1002/cpe.4330030604

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe EMMA2EMMA is a registered trademark of Elsag—Elettronica San Giorgio.parallel architecture is a network of nodes, named 'Regions': each region is based on two shared‐memory hierarchical bus levels, on which a large series of monocpu, multicpu and specialized I/O boards can be inserted, grouped in 'Families'.Its typical applications are Image processing, pattern recognition and artificial intelligence, characterized by intensive computation requirements, real‐time constraints and good price‐performance ratio for building large industrial systems. This paper presents the main characteristics of the EMMA2 parallel operating system, highlighting the internal organization and mechanisms offering the parallel co‐operation model for user programs.Section 1 briefly introduces the overall hardware architecture. It allows application partitioning into parallel independent subsystems, on two levels of computation: the lower level (family) is dedicated to massive number crunching, while the upper (region) permits the interaction of these lower machines.Section 2 deals with the system software environment, based on a host‐target configuration: the host is mainly devoted to machine control, system monitoring, program development and debugging in a multi‐user environment.Sections 3, 4 and 5 describe respectively the fundamental concepts of the operating system internal organization and the basic mechanisms with respect to the machine architecture; the basic functions that constitute the internal layers and services; the resulting parallel programming and co‐operation model and the typical mapping rules of algorithms to this architecture, completed with some examples of their functionalities.The most important aspect of the EMMA2 operating system is the fact that it offers a uniform interface to user tasks, independently of their allocation on the target machine. Objects managed by system services can be referred to via logical names. Code for system services is distributed among processors and resides on a private read‐only memory. The operating system's data reside in shared memory only for system functions that need to be distributed, while private functions are based on different copies of data in private memories.Section 6 gives more details on the most relevant EMMA2 industrial applications, also showing their mapping to the parallel architecture and some performance‐related information. Section 7 contains a brief outline of the novel architecture currently in development and of the subsequent OS Improvements.In conclusion, we report some considerations about the present status of the EMMA2 system, compared with some other well‐known architectures, and about research efforts for

ISSN:1040-3108    

DOI:10.1002/cpe.4330030605

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper presents a survey of some of the tools, techniques, and constructs for the development of portable, multitasked Fortran programs. The study mainly focuses on existing software tools that implement different approaches to achieving portability of multitasked Fortran programs for local and shared memory multiprocessor computers. However, some proposed approaches are also included. It appears that while each approach enjoys some advantages and suffers some disadvantages, at present, the development and use of portable multitasking tools is in its infancy, and thus no one system is clearly superior. Indeed, we expect that, for the foreseeable future, these and perhaps other techniques will all be actively pursued.

ISSN:1040-3108    

DOI:10.1002/cpe.4330030606

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRun‐time preprocessing plays a major role in many efficient algorithms in computer science, as well as playing an important role in exploiting multiprocessor architectures. We give examples that elucidate the importance of run‐time preprocessing and show how these optimizations can be integrated into compilers. To support our arguments, we describe transformations implemented in prototype multiprocessor compilers and present benchmarks from the iPSC2/860, the CM‐2 and the Encore Multima

ISSN:1040-3108    

DOI:10.1002/cpe.4330030607

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSynchronization is a major cause of wasted computing cycles and of diminished performance in parallel computing. This paper investigates the effects of synchronization upon the performance of iterative methods on distributed memory MIMD machines. A quantitative analysis of the effects of the communication latency and of the load imbalance due to the non‐deterministic execution times for iterative methods is presented. This analysis explains the rather poor performance observed often in actual implementations of such methods and suggests better ways to achieve convergence without frequent synchronizatio

ISSN:1040-3108    

DOI:10.1002/cpe.4330030608

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPhysical computation embraces a variety of physical analogies used to tackle non‐traditional problems. We describe Monte Carlo and deterministic methods, including simulated annealing and neural networks. Applications include economic change in Eastern Europe, the travelling salesman problem, vehicle navigation, track finding, and parallel computer load balancing. We show how different problems are suitable for the different various approaches to optimizatton—there is no universally applicable met

ISSN:1040-3108    

DOI:10.1002/cpe.4330030609

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe goal of the LAPACK project is to design and implement a portable linear algebra library for etficient use on a variety of high‐performance computers. The library is based on the widely used LINPACK and EISPACK packages for solving linear equations, eigenvalue problems, and linear least‐squares problems, but extends their functionality in a number of ways. The major methodology for making the algorithms run faster is to restructure them to perform block matrix operations (e.g. matrix‐matrix multiplication) in their inner loops. These block operations may be optimized to exploit the memory hierarchy of a specific architecture. In particular, we discuss algorithms and benchmarks for the singular value decompos

ISSN:1040-3108    

DOI:10.1002/cpe.4330030610

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper we discuss temporal, spatial, and architectural aspects of the numerical simulation of time‐dependent incompressible fluid flows. In particular, we consider: high‐order operator‐integration‐factor time‐splitting methods; sliding‐mesh spectral mortar‐element spatial discretizations; and data‐parallel distributed‐memory medium‐grained parallel solution techniques. Numerous flow exa

ISSN:1040-3108    

DOI:10.1002/cpe.4330030611

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY