ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280500302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) for laundry detergents have been known and successfully used for decades to provide a valuable contribution to the washing results. The increased sophistication of detergent formulations, which is expected to continue into the 1990s, presents new needs and challenges for the FWA.This paper looks specifically at the development of the heavy duty liquid detergent segment and its influence on FWA formulation and performance characteristics such as processability, compatibility, stability and spotting.

ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280500303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe wash performance of three specific proteases (asp, lys/arg and glu specific, respectively) is demonstrated to be comparable to that of commercial unspecific detergent proteases (Alcalase® and Savinase®). A hypothesis for the high performance of these specific proteases is proposed. The influence of pH and ionic strength on protease performance is discussed.The removal of oily stains by lipases in detergent solution is improved only slightly under acidic conditions, whereas pH values>>pKaof the fatty acids formed results in strongly enhanced removal. Wash trials with LipolaseTMshow very little effect of the lipase after the first wash, but high effect after the second and subsequent washes. This is explained by lipolytic activity under drying. Maximum activity is found when the water content of the cotton swatches is between 10 and 40% (w/w

ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280500304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAmphoteric surfactants are widely known for their extreme skin kindness, decreasing the irritation of otherwise irritant surfactants, especially anionics, giving low‐irritant shampoo ingredients.New high quality amphoteric compounds have been developed. These new amphoterics offer exciting possibilities in several new application areas. Considerable development work has been undertaken to investigate new detergent formulations based on these novel amphoterics.Because of the very low concentration of Ampholak 7TX, the formulations give most effective products with low biological load. Data concerning the increasingly important subject of biodegradability and toxicity are shown. This includes both primary and inherent biodegradability and toxicity of metabolite

ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280500305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPolycarboxylated polymers have a strong tendency to adsorb on a large variety of surfaces. Among the surfaces of interest in detergency, insoluble materials in water are those which cause, in general, most of the washing problems.The insoluble materials may come from the intentional addition of them into the detergent (e.g. zeolites and abrasive ingredients) or may be formed during the washing process itself (e.g. Ca carbonate and Ca phosphate salts).

ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280500306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLaundry washing consumes and releases into the sewage treatment system large amounts of chemicals such as phosphate builders, surfactants and alkalis. By presenting the builders and surfactants in a more instantly usable form, considerable reductions in total chemical requirements can be achieved. Nonaqueous laundry liquids described here offer a 50 to 130% reduction in chemicals entering the sewage treatment system.

ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280500307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe paper describes the properties of a number of novel variants of sodium perborate bleach suitable for laundry and automatic dish wash detergent formulations, highlighting their advantages over standard commercial products, and offering further opportunities of product differentiation for the detergent manufacturers.

ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280500308

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBy their nature, detergents create a pollution problem for our inshore waters. Solutions have recently been proposed that could contribute to a lower level of contamination in the effluent. Two aspects are discussed.The first is to dispense separately major components of detergents such as bleaches and softeners in such a manner that only the quantities required for a specific wash cycle are used.The second is to select ingredients which are ecologically friendly. For example, as the surfactant, soap is preferred because it is 50 times less toxic to fish than common synthetic materials such as LAS. Soap is completely degraded in the sewage plant, leading to harmless end‐products. ‘Building‐kit system detergents’ can decrease contamination of effluents in a remarkable

ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280500309

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDuring the last few years a considerable amount of information about the biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) in real environmental situations has been made available. This paper reviews the existing LAS concentrations found today in the environment, using specific analytical techniques for this surfactant, as well as its mineralization and fate in compartments such as sludge amended soils. LAS is totally decomposed into carbon dioxide, water and inorganic sulfate without formation of stable metabolites, and no accumulation has been detected in the compartments studied. The highest degree of biodegradation (>95%) takes place in the processes (sewers and sewage treatment plants) showing the shortest half lives (1–10 h

ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280500310

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe influence of amphiphilic additives on phase transitions and detergency of nonionic surfactant was examined to solve low temperature detergency problems and to reduce the amount of surfactants necessary to achieve good cleaning results. Optimum detergency correlates to the formation of the lamellar liquid crystalline Lα‐phase and to the intermediate maximum of the phase‐inversion temperature curves. Medium chain alkanols showed as optimum additives which improved low temperature detergency and allowed a reduction of the amount of surfactants necessary. However, fatty acids were not effective, and low degree ethoxylates of fatty alcohols were less effective cosurfactants. The interrelations found could be transferred to solve practical washing prob

ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280500311

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY