ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.5.CO3

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.5.270

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe regime for regulating the intentional release ofgenetically manipulated organisms (GMOs) is emerging in a climate of ecological uncertainty and some public concern. Attempting a rhetorical greening of biotechnology, industry portrays GMOs as precisely reprogrammed organisms, as modest evolutionary modifications, enhancing a natural efficiency. Drawing upon those metaphors, it promises ‘environment-friendly’ products, akin to, and protective of. Nature. That portrayal is contested by those who advocate a more wide-ranging precautionary approach to regulation. Focusing on Britain, this essay explores the conflicts of value as manifest in contending concepts of GMOs and in proposals for regulating their intentional release into the environment.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.5.271

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThis study of exports of technology places Spain at an intermediate level in an international context. Errors were detected in the technological Balance of Payments because the difficulties in sectoral classification, differences in country of receipt and payment and problems in the legislative and administrative practices. It is recommended that measures be adopted to encourage export of technology by Spanish companies.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.5.281

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe role of government in developing countries in the transfer of technology from industrialised nations is investigated. The experience of some successful countries in formulating sound laws and regulations to control the flow of technology into their environment is presented, along with some of the difficulties encountered by others. Those discussed are Kuwait (as one of the rich Gulf states), India, Nigeria, Brazily and Mexico. Governments must play a vital role in furnishing an appropriate legal framework to eliminate any restriction which might be imposed by foreign firms. There is an urgent need for developing countries to enact laws and regulations on technology transfer so that indigenous capabilities can be enhanced.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.5.295

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractExpert systems (ESs) are currently considered the most commercially successful products of Artificial Intelligence (AI) research. They are now being used in different sectors of society to enhance the decision-making and problem-solving of experts in various domains.Firstly, this paper suggests that developing nations can use this new technology to capture and redistribute knowledge/expertise, and so bring about more availability of expert knowledge in their organisations and increase the quality of their decision-making and problem-solving. By consulting an Expert System, inexperienced personnel in the less developed countries can perform new tasks or their existing tasks more proficiently. Secondly, the role of implicit (tacit) knowledge in expertise/skill is examined, and how this elusive ingredient of knowledge can be developed or increased by the use of ESs is explained.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.5.301

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe first survey on Chinese public attitudes toward science and technology was conducted in Beijing during August and October 1989. This paper reports a portion of the statistical results generated from that survey. Science and technology emerge as respected, and as a useful contributor to the solving of some of China's problems.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.5.311

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractDespite the frequent, recurrent and often damaging criticisms of citation analysis in recent years, the use of citations continues apace. In the context of contemporary anxieties about the increasing use of ‘performance indicators’, this paper argues that it is important to understand the sources of resistance to criticisms of the use of citations. A series of insights from the sociology of scientific knowledge are used to develop the basis for a sociological understanding of the citation debate. In particular, it is suggested that when construed as a measurement technology, we can see how the very system of measuring and manipulating citations redefines the phenomenon it is supposed to measure. Finally, some brief thoughts are offered on possible practical responses to the increasing institutionalisation of citation analysis.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.5.319

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.5.327

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.5.328

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP