ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/21.5.CO3

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractSince the mid-1980s transnational corporations (TNCs), mostly those dealing with new technologies, have started performing some of their strategic R&D in some developing countries. This move is facilitated by the availability in these countries of large pools of scientifically and technically trained manpower, at substantially lower wages and with an adequate infrastructure. This trend shows signs of emerging as a phenomenon similar to that of the establishment of off-shore production facilities in low-cost countries. The main motives for such action are both technology-related (gaining access to foreign S&T resources) and cost-related. When the aim is to develop products for the global/regional markets or research into generic technologies, such strategic R&D offers wide scope for building up innovative capability in developing countries.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/21.5.283

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThis paper addresses new evidence of the quantitative and qualitative aspects of R&D activity in Japanese manufacturing firms during the 1980s. First, macro-concentration is lower in Japan than in the UK and the USA for R&D expenditures, hut the reverse relationship is observed for patent count Second, the relationships between R&D measures and firm size follow the cubic patterns observed by existing studies in Japan and other countries. Third, larger firms prefer patents to utility models. Fourth, R&D productivity tends to decline, as firm size increases. Finally, the ratio of patents granted in the USA to domestic patent applications, a surrogate for the ratio of major inventions, also tends to decrease along with firm size.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/21.5.295

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractUS chemical industry competitiveness declined relative to the German chemical industry during the 1980s. This trend reflects, in part, differing responses by the two industries to the challenges they faced in the 1970s due to increasing feedstock costs and environmental concerns. US producers implemented an E3strategy (concurrent energy, economic, and environmental improvements) while German producers achieved a fourth goal, efficacy in innovating higher valueadded products, making theirs an E4strategy. This paper examines the link between the differing responses, the cultures of the two industries, and relevant public policies. It also investigates the likely implications of the E3and E4strategies for future competitiveness.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/21.5.309

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe Gulf War provided dramatic evidence of the extent to which large-scale scientific experiments and global political contests of will are interwoven with each other. The actor network approach helps to explain that social actors need social networks as a basis for conducting particularly risky actions, such as testing the hypothesis of the feasibility of a disarming first strike true to scale, or trying to establish a new world order in which both military aggression and the unrestricted proliferation of modern dual-use technology would be proscribed. The Gulf War, however, demonstrates the double ambivalence of networking: the participation in social networks promises large benefits but entails an additional risk for each actor; and the people concerned outside the network may suffer very deeply from the effects of risky networking practices.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/21.5.321

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractOver the last four years Mongolia has faced a transition to a democratic process of government and the Soviet Union, which had financed a trade deficit, withdrew its assistance. Inevitably the changes have affected the scientific community and a new S&T policy is urgently required. Currently different government agencies are offering their own solutions and there is little cohesion. The Government must set a single set of priorities and realise that some institutions that are not performing well must go, while others that serve a useful function should be provided with the resources to grow.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/21.5.335

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/21.5.344

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/21.5.347

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/21.5.348

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/21.5.350

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP