摘要:

AbstractThe generation and diffusion of innovations in the Brazilian power sector are discussed, emphasizing the role played by some of the most important actors: suppliers of materials and equipment, power utilities and the Eletrobrás Research Center (CEPEL), which is the largest R&D institution for the development of electricity-related innovations in Brazil Lack of coordination between the actors induces inefficiencies such as duplication of R&D efforts, sub-optimal levels of R&D expenditure, low quality-standards for operating plant and equipment, and inefficient electricity end-use. A revision of the mechanisms of interaction between CEPEL, utilities and suppliers is therefore required Although significant innovations have been developed, in particular by CEPEL, an efficient technology strategy remains to be formulated and implemented.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.1.2

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.1.CO3

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe Uncertain Quest aims to present up-to date information on the knowledge, controversies, experiences and problems related to the interactions among science, technology and development The world is divided into two civilisations that interact strongly, albeit in a onesided way. One civilisation is based on the growth of scientific knowledge, the other demonstrates a more or less passive acceptance of results generated by the first Science is no longer seen as the answer to every prayer: curiosity must be accompanied by compassion.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.1.9

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractIn a significant reversal of traditional priorities, the current US Administration has called for more coordinated S&T decision-making and a progressive shift in government funding toward civilian and dual-use technologies. This creates the need for afresh look at the sprawling system of federal R&D impact assessment. In order to make the system commensurate with the proclaimed objective of economic competitiveness, the case of a more streamlined evaluation mechanism based on (socio)economic principles of value comes in sight. Implementation of such a system, however, may easily stumble on political disagreements concerning its appropriateness and feasibility, disagreements among experts on how to go about it, agency inexperience in applying such methods, and opposition by other organized interest groups. Failure to implement a coherent decision-support system will be detrimental to achieving the ambitious goals of the new S&T plan.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.1.19

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractElectronic data interchange (EDI) has heen widely used for the exchange of retail orders and invoices, to avoid the expensive and time-consuming manual entry of data. The extension of this to the aerospace industry is considered here with specific reference to the designing and building of the Eurofighter. With four firms of different nationalities involved in the project, there have been a number of compromises required in the construction of a mutual database. This case shows that standardisation of data formats is not sufficient to enable the exchange of complex design data. Harmonisation of the companies' working practices is also necessary. The costs of such harmonisation, where these working practices are embedded in existing computer systems, can be very high, creating a significant barrier to the use of EDI for technical data exchange.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.1.29

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractInternalisation is a transactional approach to the study of the multinational enterprise (MNE) and market behaviour, which has been widely applied to MNE development, decision-making criteria and R&D considerations, but not to joint public-private funding of research. The political implications of internalisation are explored by examining the European Union programme ESPRIT. Through consideration of the market and technological factors associated with a firm's pursuit of internalisation as a viable business strategy and their role within the ESPRIT initiative, the argument is presented that European policy-makers exploited the failings of the European information technology sector to initiate the transfer of competence from the national to European arena. This has arguably led to the political ‘capture’ of internalisation as a policy tool and a distortion of corporate strategy.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.1.39

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractDuring the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), many governments recognised the risks attached to the deliberate release of genetically-manipulated organisms (GMOs), but failed to discuss in any detail a liability regime for such releases. This is one of a number of factors that preclude confidence that large-scale environmental release of GMOs, which now seem inevitable, can be carried out safely. Safety policy could not begin to be effective without some internationally harmonised provision for strict and retrospective liability, and clean up, should a released GMO turn hazardous. An effective liability regime will be extremely difficult to achieve operationally: the precautionary and polluter-pays principles, it is argued, will be difficult-to-impossible to apply in their strictest definitions for GMO releases.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.1.51

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.1.65

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.1.66

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.1.67

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP