ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.3.co3

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractDemand may act as a stimulus to innovation. New products and processes may be launched into an established market, where demand can be demonstrated to exist for something that fulfils the functions offered by the innovation. However, such a market may not exist, especially for radically new technologies. Or the concept of selection environment may be more appropriate in analysing the unfolding processes.The role played by demand in the origin, commercialisation and diffusion of biotechnology is explored. In this case, neither public procurement nor commercial markets provided a ‘demand pull’. The innovating firms played an active role in stimulating and shaping both market and non-market elements of the selection environment, and in enlisting intermediate agents to assist the process.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.3.138

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe costs and benefits of procedural rules governing federal agencies who make complex decisions are examined, focusing primarily on complex procurement decisions, particularly federal computer procurement. Like previous literature, the analysis emphasizes the importance of procedural rules for resolving principal/agent conflicts between Congress and federal agencies. In contrast, it provides a deeper understanding of the consequences of rules that cannot be fine-tuned for all situations. Procedural rules prevent biased decisions in some situations and produce undesirable distortions in others. The agent, and ultimately the principal, pay a cost for distortions that result in sub-par agency performance. Exceptions to rules are desirable (and likely) when the costs of distortions outweigh the benefits from preventing biased agency decisions.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.3.157

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThis study is a statistical analysis of the technological characteristics of 79 large-scale projects (LSPs) undertaken in four different sectors of Canadian industrial activity (energy, communications, transportation and defense) between 1950 and 1990. It goes beyond a cost-benefit analysis to take into account market and quasi-market conditions where the management of risk on technological, economic, political and organizational levels play a determinant role in the technological dynamism of a given project. The study confirms the hypothesis that under certain market conditions in sectors of significant technological content, the high concentration of public demand early in the product cycle acts as a potential catalyst for innovative activity.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.3.173

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractSeven years ago Save British Science was formed: British science was being underfunded and was increasingly unable to remain at the technological frontier. Yet there is more than an economic reason for this decline: science and technology are feared rather than respected. This makes the British culture hesitant to exploit the economic benefits of science. There appears to be a conflict between science and spirituality, yet we could not even begin to pursue science without being the intentional beings that we are.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.3.187

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe British government has established an Advisory Committee on Releases to the Environment (ACRE) to provide advice on the release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Regulatory participants regarded its remit, covering all ‘novel organisms’, as providing a scientific basis for the committee. ACRE's composition strengthens the role ofecologists and includes an implicit ‘public-interest’ representation, thus attempting to encompass diverse aims and views.The British government has invoked ‘sound science’ as the basis of its precautionary approach. In its manner of constituting ACRE, however, the government acknowledged the socially negotiated character of regulatory science. ACRE thereby embodies a tension between technical risk assessment and policy issues irreducible to scientific evidence.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.3.193

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.3.211

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.3.214

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.3.215

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.3.217

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP