摘要:

ABSTRACT‐Alterations in nervous system functioning following acute and chronic ethanol exposure have been studied in a great number of experimental investigations. Results from many of these investigations can be difficult to interpret, particularly since a variety of techniques and exposure models are employed. This review emphasizes those studies which, in the opinion of the author, fit into a pattern where results from studying one function of the nervous system is in accordance with results from studying another.Thus, the fluidizing effect of ethanol on the neuronal membrane ‐ an effect which ethanol shares with anaesthetics ‐ leads to a change in protein function which in turn affects ion transport such as Na+and Ca++across the membrane due to changes in the ion channels. Cation influx is probably directly coupled to neurotransmitter release which is in agreement with the finding that ethanol exposure results in inhibition of Na+and Ca++current as well as acetylcholine release. The sensitation of the dopaminergic system after ethanol exposure may also be related to the changes in cation flux, and the changes in this system probably play a crucial rôle in the development of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.Other aspects such as impairment of protein synthesis, altered GABA function of impairment of neuron excitability and conduction are more difficult to place in proper perspective. The rôle of acetaldehyde in acute as well as chronic ethanol intoxication also remains a controversy. These may, however, be secondary phenomena to primary changes in different part of the nervous system not necessarily important in the clinical situation.Behavioural and anatomical studies particularly from recent years have shown that experimental animals develop memory disturbances following chronic exposure even when kept on sufficient diet. These findings argue strongly for a direct toxic effect of ethanol, and are furthermore compatible with behavioural changes in chronic alcoholics, dominated by memory impairment. Since it has been argued that the cholinergic system plays a significant rôle for memory function, a possible explanation for some of the psychological and anatomical deficits caused by ethanol is thus the changes in the function of the cholinergic system particularly in the hippocampal

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1983.tb04556.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT‐The effect of 2 central nervous system glycolipids (cere‐broside and ganglioside) on the encephalitogenic activity of bovine myelin basic protein (MBP) was studied in guinea pigs. Mixing each of these glycolipids with MBP and injection of these mixtures in Freund's incomplete adjuvent (FIA) abrogated the resistance to encephalomyelitis upon challenge with MBP in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). Primary injection of these glycolipid‐MBP mixtures in FCA diminished the clinical signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) as compared to primary injection of MBP in FCA. Considering the amount of ganglioside needed to optimally induce these effects, this phenomenon seemed to be aspecific. However, with cerebroside, only minor quantities were sufficient, suggesting specific interaction with the basic protein. In several aspects, close correlation was found between cellular immune activity to MBP as measured by skin reactivity and the development o

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1983.tb04557.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT‐Statistical evaluation of essential fatty acids (determined by gas chromatography) in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with definite MS and acute CCT showed marked differences as compared to healthy subjects. It was also evident that the decrease of essential fatty acids in MS patients differed from that of CCT patients. Whereas the fatty acid levels in the serum of MS patients revealed only minor differences as compared to the controls and CCT patients, MS patients did show a clear decrease, especially of linoleic and arachidonic acids, in the CSF. This difference was most pronounced in cholesterol esters in the CSF. One absorption study with safflower oil demonstrated normal enteral absorption of essential fatty acids and the ability to cross the blood‐CSF barr

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1983.tb04558.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT‐28 young diabetics with short disease duration participated in a double‐blind study by taking 6 g of myoinositol or placebo daily for 2 months. The aim was to demonstrate a possible beneficial effect of this compound on subclinical diabetic neuropathy.Measurement of vibratory perception threshold, motor and sensory conduction velocity and amplitude of nerve potential did not disclose any effect of the myoinositol given.In accordance with this, no indication for a lack of myoinositol in human diabetic blood or tissue could be found. The concentration of myoinositol in the plasma and erythrocyte of 4 human diabetics was normal or high, even though the loss of urinary myoinositol was greater than in the case of 4 normals. Further, an analysis of the content of free and lipid‐bound myoinositol in muscle biopsies taken from the 4 diabetics did not give any indication of deficiency. The content of myoinositol in their muscle tissue remained uninfluenced by oral supplementation of myoino

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1983.tb04559.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT‐91 patiens with chronic symptoms of polyneuropathy without any previously known underlying disorder underwent extensive clinical and laboratory investigations in an attempt to reveal the cause of the polyneuropathy. A definite or probable origin of polyneuropathy was detected in only 8 patients (9%) and a possible but questionable cause was found in 16 (17%), while the cause in 74% remained undetermined. In only 1 patient could effective treatment be instituted. No evidence was found for an association between polyneuropathy and reduced glucose tolerance without manifest diabetes mellitus. The findings suggest that only a limited investigation is justified in most cases of chronic polyneuropathy without obvious caus

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1983.tb04560.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT‐The aim of this double‐blind crossover study was to compare the prophylactic effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) with that of propranolol (PRP) in the treatment of migraine. Plasma concentrations of the two drugs were measured in order to investigate a possible relationship to the clinical effect. Compared to the pretreatment period, PRP and ASA reduced migraine index, frequency, duration, severity of attacks and headache days. Due to the limited number of patients, our results should be cautiously interpreted, however relevant the clinical improvement seemed. Improvement of migraine index was not related to different plasma levels of the two dr

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1983.tb04561.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1983.tb04562.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY