摘要:

Abstract–A survey of methods for cell and tissue culture of the central nervous system (CNS) is given. This includes a brief historical outline and description of methods in current use. Recent methodological improvements are emphasized, and it is shown how these are applied in modern neurobiological research. Both monolayer cell cultures and three‐dimensional organ culture systems are widely used, each having advantages and limitations. In recent years, there has been considerable improvement of culture for prolonged periods in chemically defined media. Brain tissue from a wide spectrum of species have been used, including different types of human brain cells which can be propagated for several months.At present, these culture systems are employed for dynamic studies of the developing, the adult and ageing brain. It is possible to select neurons and the different classes of glial cells for culture purposes. Cell culture of the CNS has given new insights into the biology of brain tumours. Culture systems for experimental tumour therapyin vitroare also available. Recently, it has been shown that organ cultures of brain tissue can be used as targets for invasive glioma cells, enabling a direct study of the interactions between tumour cells and normal tissue to take pl

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1985.tb00913.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract–This article deals with the efferent connections of the hippocampal region, and considers the functional implications of these projections.The hippocampus receives indirect sensory information from many structures in the brain. Most of these afferents terminate in the superficial layers (I‐III) of the entorhinal area. From cells in layers II and III of entorhinal area projections arise which terminate in hippocampus and fascia dentata, the perforant paths. Internal hippocampal projections constitute a unidirectional system of connections which project back to the deep layers (IV‐VI) of the entorhinal area. The efferents from these layers may be divided into cortically terminating efferents, which originate from layer IV, and subcortically terminating efferents, which originate from layers V and VI. The cortically terminating projections end in regions of association cortex, and in limbic cortex. The subcortical projections terminate in the caudate, the putamen, and the accumbens nucleus.A hippocampal influence on these subcortical structures may seem surprising, but is logical when one takes into consideration reports on the functional associations between the striatum and the hippocampus. The findings suggest that the role of the hippocampus may be to gather input from all sensory modalities, to assign priorities continuously between these inputs, and as a result, to modify behavior via its influence on subcortical motor ce

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1985.tb00914.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract–Temporal muscle blood flow (TMBF) was measured by the local 133‐Xenon washout technique in 61 patients suffering from common migraine. Nineteen were re‐examined in the course of spontaneous attacks. Muscle tension was quantified by surface EMG.During the attacks, median TMBF increased insignificantly, 33% on the ipsilateral and 24% on the contralateral side. During 15 unilateral attacks, the ipsilateral‐contralateral ratio of TMBF was 1.02. Isometric and dynamic work tests showed intact metabolic regulation of TMBF. These results speak against a general vasomotor disturbance of the extracranial tissues during attacks of common migraine. There was also no indicition that ischemia of the temporal muscle might explain t

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1985.tb00915.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract–The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of pulsed Doppler spectral analysis and intravenous digital subtraction angiography (IVDSA), in the detection of carotid occlusive disease. In 132 carotid arteries the results of these two examinations have been assessed independently and compared with findings by conventional arteriography.All 39 stenoses causing a diameter reduction of more than 25% were found by Doppler examination and 36 (92%) by IVDSA. Twelve occlusions of the internal carotid artery, shown by conventional arteriography, were also detected by Doppler examination and 11 (92%) by IVDSA. Both Doppler and IVDSA detected 56% of the lesions which reduced the diameter by less than 25%. All 54 arteriographically normal vessels were assessed correctly by Doppler examination and 53 (98%) of them by IVDSA.This study shows that Doppler and IVDSA are well suited for assessing patients with symptoms suggestive of carotid occlusive disease, both methods being accurate in the detection of lesions which reduce the diameter of the carotid artery by more than 25

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1985.tb00916.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract–Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 221 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 85 patients with other neurological disorders (OND) was examined using a competitive radioimmunoassay for myelin basic protein (MBP) immunoreactivity. MBP was found in 46 of 55 MS patients (84%) examined within six weeks of relapse but in only 11 of 85 patients (13%) with OND. There was a significant correlation between the concentration of MBP in the CSF and relapse severity in patients seen within four weeks of the onset of symptoms (p<0.01). Of 44 patients in remission, MBP was detected in 12, and these patients had a significantly higher tendency to subsequent relapse (p<0.05). In 72 patients with progressive disease the presence of MBP in the CSF reflected the confidence of clinical diagnosis.The results of this study suggest that measurement of MBP in the CSF gives an objective method of monitoring disease activity in patient with M

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1985.tb00917.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract–Previous studies have reported that a variety of drugs are effective in preventing reserpine‐induced hypertonus, including dopamine agonists and alpha‐adrenergic antagonists. The purpose of this study was to use a quantitative measure of hindlimb muscle tone to evaluate the relative efficacy of various drugs with known pharmacologic actions on dopamineric and adrenergic receptors. The results show that adrenergic antagonists (yohimbine, thymoxamine, phentolamine, RS 21361) were the most effective in protecting against the effect of reserpine. Along with the dopamine precursor, I‐DOPA, these drugs were not only effective but also they produced no muscle relaxation in non‐reserpinized rats. Although dopamine agonists (apomorphine, lisuride, bromocriptine) also protected against reserpine‐induced rigidity, these drugs also produced muscle relaxation in non‐reserpinized rats. A variety of drugs with alpha adrenergic agonist, beta adrenergic antagonist, dopamine antagonist and antihistamine activity did not alter the reserpine‐induced rigidity despite generalized muscle relaxant effects with some of these. The results show that alpha adrenergic antagonists are the most selective agents in preventing reserpine‐induced rigidity and suggest that alpha‐2 receptors primarily

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1985.tb00918.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract–An EEG study of 64 Danish Turner girls and age‐matched controls was made. The characteristic findings in the basic EEG rhythms of Turner girls were: 1) alpha activity of more rapid frequency (10.5+ Hz), lower amplitude (‐20 μV, lower amount (‐30%) and diffuse areas, 2) beta activity of slower frequency (14–18 Hz), higher amplitude (10–20+μV), higher amount (50+%) and diffuse areas, and 3) theta activity of higher amount (30+%) than controls. Dominant EEG rhythm was more rapid and aging effect was more pronounced in Turner girls than in the controls.Marked or moderate asymmetry was observed in 15 Turner girls compared with three controls (p<0.01). Asymmetry was most pronounced at the occipital (p<0.01) and parietal area (p<0.02), but not so at the frontal, temporal or central areas.In 64 Turner girls, paroxysmal EEG abnormality was found in one, paroxysmal, slight abnormality in 13, basic abnormality in three and normal/borderline in 47. The EEG diagnosis did not differ in Turner and control girls.The characteristic findings in the basic EEG rhythm and dominant rhythm were more pronounced in Turner girls with 45,X than in those with other karyotypes, who showed some similarity to the controls.Our findings indicate that Turner girls have a functional brain disorder more often than the controls, particularly at the occipital and parietal areas and in those with hemispheric differences most often in the right hemisphere. Further studies comprising 24‐h EEG investigation and blood flow studies

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1985.tb00919.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract–In ten healthy subjects the trigemino‐facial reflex was elicited by double shock (delta t = 0.5–1 s). The first stimulus was subliminal for pain and the second supramaximal for it. The percentage integral values, with respect to single shock, of the direct and consensual conditioned responses obtained in all subjects were averaged and compared with those conditioned by supramaximal stimuli for pain fibres. Significant differences between subliminal and supramaximal conditioning stimuli for pain fibres is revealed for only consensual R3 with delta t = 1 s: greater inhibition with painful stimuli. There were no significant differences in any of the other values. Our results show that a subliminal conditioning stimulus for pain threshold can inhibit the late responses to the test stimulus, both for R2 and especially for R3, suggesting that this mechanism can contribute to the trigeminofacial reflex habituation pheno

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1985.tb00920.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1985.tb00921.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1985.tb00922.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY