摘要:

The geographic distribution of multiple sclerosis (MS) was last reassessed in 1975 with data from 180 surveys from about the world. Since then there have been an additional 54 for which prevalence rates have been measured or estimated. In broad terms the world‐wide distribution of MS still seems best described as comprising three bands or zones of high, medium, and low frequency or risk. For the entire 35 years since World War II, prevalence rates of 30 or more per 100,000 population have defined high frequency, those of 5–29 medium frequency, and those of less than 5 per 100,000 low frequency.High frequency areas are northern and central Europe into the USSR; southern Canada and northern United States; and New Zealand and southern Australia. These regions are bounded by medium frequency areas, which include southern US; southwestern Norway and northern Scandinavia; probably the USSR from the Ural Mountains into Siberia as well as the Ukraine; and the entire Mediterranean basin from Spain around to Israel – possibly including Tunisia. Enna in Sicily with a high rate is an exception. Also of medium frequency are most of Australia and perhaps the mid‐portion of South America. One white group of South Africa too has a medium prevalence rate. Low frequency areas include all known parts of Asia and Africa (save as noted above); the Caribbean region to include Mexico, and probably northern South America; and Alaska and Greenland.The high to medium division in southern Europe extends eastward in an irregularly curved line from about 43° north latitude in the west to some 49°–50° north latitude within the USSR west of the Urals. From a large nationwide case‐control series, the division between high and medium in the US is at 37° north latitude across most of the country but extending to some

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1980.tb03006.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Antibodies against measles virus (MV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) were measured by solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) of sera and cere‐brospinal fluid (CSF) from 28 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and matched neurological controls. When the groups were compared for MV antibody titers and CDV antibody titers of sera and MV/CDV serum antibody titer ratios, no significant difference was found. The CDV antibody titers and the MV antibody titers were in good correlation. CDV antibodies showed RIA titration curves typical of low avidity antibodies. In tests for MV antibodies in CSF, 82% of the MS patients and 19% of the controls were positive, whereas 36% of the MS patients and 4% of the controls were positive in CDV RIA. The correlation between MV and CDV antibody levels, the low avidity of CDV antibodies and the fact that absorption of the specimens with MV antigen abolished all CDV antibody activity suggest that the CDV antibodies are MV antibodies cross‐reacting with CDV. It is concluded that canine distemper virus is unlikely to be involved in the etiology of multiple scle

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1980.tb03007.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The prophylactic effect of the histamine H2‐blocker cimetidine, either alone or combined with an H1‐blocker (chlorpheniramine), was investigated in 34 migraine patients in a double‐blind crossover trial. Twelve patients withdrew during the course of the trial, one because of side effects and the remainder because of failure to attend checkups or to keep adequate record of attacks. In the 22 patients who completed the trial, there were no significant responses to cimetidine or cimetidine + chlorpheniramine, during 3 months’therapy, as compared with 3 months’therapy with placebo, either on number, duration or severity of attacks. The study demonstrates that cimetidine is unlikely to be effective in migraine, and casts doubt on the role of histamine in the development of migrain

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1980.tb03008.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rats were subjected to adrenaline‐induced acute hypertension during either the day or the night. Albumin leakage into the brain was studied with Evans blue and125I labeled serum albumin. The leakage was significantly lower during the night than during the day (P<0.001). d,1‐propranolol had a protective effect (P<0.001) during the day and a slight reduction of the radioactivity (P<0.05 in some parts of the brain) was obtained by metoprolol (10 mg/kg) but not by butoxamine (10 mg/kg). None of the drugs reduced the tracer leakage during the night.The results suggest that the degree of alertness is of importance for the function of the blood‐brain barrier in acute hypertension. However, the present experimental situation does not allow a separation of the effect of alertness per se and dark/light cycles. The changed vulnerability during the night could be related to enhanced neuronal activity, altered beta‐adrenoreceptor sensitivity or to hormonal

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1980.tb03009.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The capillary diameter, the capillary area as percentage of brain area, the minimal intercapillary distance, the harmonic mean basement membrane thickness and the mitochondrial content of capillary endothelium were estimated in the striatum of normal rats and after 4 days’urease‐induced hyperammonaemia. Electronic image analysis, planimetry and classification with a ruler were the methods used. The capillary diameter was increased after 4 days’hyperammonaemia. The mitochondrial content of capillary endothelium was decreased after hyperammonaemia, while all other parameters were unchanged. Using an inverse logarithmic transformation, the distribution of the basement membrane intercepts was approximately normal. The increased capillary diameter could be a result of vascular paralysis induced by hyperammonaemia. The metabolic working capability is decreased in hyperammonaemia but the diffusion properties across the basement membrane and in the brain parenchyma appear from a morphological point of view to be unch

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1980.tb03010.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In patients with acute ischemic stroke, dramatic but often transient improvements have been noticed after theophylline injections. Whether better results could be obtained by continuous infusion of the drug was evaluated in a double‐blind study. Out of 46 patients with a mean age of 75 years, 22 got theophylline as aminophylline (bolus dose of 230 mg followed by 0.5 mg/kg/h) and 24 placebo during 3 days. The groups were comparable in all aspects at the outset of the trial. Serum theophylline concentrations were kept within the therapeutic range recommended for patients with asthma. No significant difference in outcome was noticed between the groups during the hospital period when repeated neurological assessments by two different scores and mortality were compare

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1980.tb03011.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a double‐blind crossover pilot study with placebo, choline chloride, the physiologic precursor of acetylcholine, was tested in six patients with cerebellar ataxia. Neither subjectively nor objectively could any statistical significant difference be demonstrate

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1980.tb03012.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Bell's phenomenon (upward and outward rolling of the eyeballs on forcible closure of the eyelids) was studied in normal adults and in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease. Advancing age correlates with diminution of the response but this was more severe in Parkinson's disease and was thus shown to be suppressive of the normal mechanism. Asymmetrical responses, the right eye being nearly always more affected, were frequently encountered in both groups though more numerous in Parkinsonism. There was a tendency toward a lesser incidence of Bell's phenomenon in the more advanced stages of the disease but without a clear‐cut correlatio

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1980.tb03013.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The central conduction time of the lemniscal pathway is not statistically different in the two sexes, while the peak latencies of both S13and N20components are significantly longer in males than in females. However, multivariate analysis of covariance of data showed that such a result is not related to sex, but to the difference in height between the two sexes.

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1980.tb03014.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY