ISSN:0021-8979    

DOI:10.1063/1.1710384

出版商:AIP    

年代:1938

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0021-8979    

DOI:10.1063/1.1710385

出版商:AIP    

年代:1938

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0021-8979    

DOI:10.1063/1.1710386

出版商:AIP    

年代:1938

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0021-8979    

DOI:10.1063/1.1710387

出版商:AIP    

年代:1938

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Various methods and formulas for determining yield value have been critically reviewed and a method is proposed for determining the yield value by means of the sphere viscometer.

ISSN:0021-8979    

DOI:10.1063/1.1710388

出版商:AIP    

年代:1938

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Studies with the ionization gauge reveal that in a positive column discharge in Hg vapor at low pressure there occurs a type of reversible electrical clean‐up in which, under equilibrium conditions, a large and continuous exchange of Hg takes place between the space and the walls. The amount of Hg held temporarily in this way on the walls may be several times that in the gas phase. Thus if the current is suddenly stopped, the pressure may rise momentarily to several times its normal value; while if it is suddenly raised from a low value to a high one the lowering of the pressure may be so extreme as to cause surges across the arc or extinction of the arc (common occurrences during the starting of the Cooper Hewitt lamp). Evaporation from and condensation on free Hg surfaces, if these are at all limited in extent, are not rapid enough to prevent the effects. Electrophoretic and pressure effects are shown to be of great importance in these experiments. Thus in equilibrium, in a 2.1 cm tube, 1 m long, the pressure at the anode end was double that at the cathode end when the current was 2 amp. (mean pressure about 1 micron). This result is shown to be sufficiently accounted for by Langmuir's theory of the positive pressure effect. A method for calculating the drift speeds of ions and of the neutral gas in special cases is described. In the present case, a considerable drift of neutral gas is shown to take place under electron impacts towards the anode which compensates for the motion of the ions in the field. The initiation (due to clean‐up) and phenomena of isolated surge regions in long tubes are discussed. These regions of aggravated low pressure which are usually situated toward the anode end of the tube, are plainly distinguishable by their relatively weak and reddish luminosity. Also the surges are evidenced by a sharp hissing noise which emanates mainly from the inductance. On suddenly stopping an arc in a tube at 185°C, the Hg which came off the wall spontaneously afterward appeared to have a mean life (&tgr;) on the wall of about 4 min. &tgr; did not appear to vary rapidly with the wall temperature nor did the amount of Hg (Q) so coming off.Qdid not vary nearly as rapidly as the positive ion current to the walls. Assuming the clean‐up to be due to these ions striking the walls, this and other more direct evidence indicate that Hg is dislodged by ions striking the walls as well as cleaned up thereby and that it is largely the balance between these two effects which determines the equilibrium amount of Hg held reversibly on the wall. The reversible clean‐up here described is probably of considerable importance in all practical low pressure Hg discharge devices wherein rapid changes of current occur. In addition to this so‐called reversible part of the clean‐up, a much larger amount of cleaned up Hg was found which could only be recovered by heating. If the heating were carried out in stages, a quantity of Hg came off with each rise in temperature in such a way as to suggest that the Hg is held with varying degrees of binding. A clean‐up on an iron surface was found similar to that on a glass or quartz surface. A tube containing unsaturated Hg vapor when strongly irradiated with the Hg resonance lines failed to show any clean‐up from which it is inferred that the clean‐up here described is not due to excited or metastable atoms. Careful tests with a McLeod gauge showed that gases other than Hg were not appreciably involved in the present experiments. The observations can be sufficiently accounted for on the tentative theory that ions penetrate into the walls to varying distances or to positions of varying stability, by virtue of their relatively high energies (15 volts or more), where they are held for greater or shorter lengths of time, according to their effective degrees of binding, until they escape as a result of random heat motions occurring either at the original wall temperature or at temperatures artificially elevated either in the oven or locally by ion bombardment.

ISSN:0021-8979    

DOI:10.1063/1.1710389

出版商:AIP    

年代:1938

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

A Geiger counter for beta‐rays is described that is easy to construct and has the low back‐ground count of two per minute. Two modifications are in use, one in which the rays are admitted through an aluminum foil supported by a copper grid; and the other in which the material to be tested is placed directly within the chamber. The characteristics of various gases are discussed; it is shown that while organic vapors tend to lower the background count they also lower the sensitivity. A simple method for measuring the counter efficiency for rays of different energies is outlined.

ISSN:0021-8979    

DOI:10.1063/1.1710390

出版商:AIP    

年代:1938

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The values of the pulsation frequencies of C6H6and C6D6are calculated for trigonal and hexagonal symmetry, corresponding with the Kekule´ and the centric formula, respectively. In the calculations it is assumed that the elastic forces for C&sngbnd;C, C&dblbnd;C linkages in the benzene ring equal these in open chains. In the centric model it is, moreover, assumed that the elastic forces between the C‐atoms are equal to the average of the elastic force of the single and double bonds. The comparison of the experimentally observed Raman frequencies with the calculated shows that for the plane regular hexagonal structure we get a good agreement with the experimental values, while the Kekule´ model gives much too low values. The frequency calculations decide also for the centric model.

ISSN:0021-8979    

DOI:10.1063/1.1710391

出版商:AIP    

年代:1938

数据来源: AIP