摘要:

AbstractA new global archive of soil type and land cover data derived for use in GCM climate models is described. The data are archived al a resolution of 1° latitude × 1° longitude. The method of construction of the component data sets is given together with ‘reliability estimates’. The soils data form the only published data set designed specifically for use in climate studies. The land cover data are compatible with the soils data, forming a coherent and complete data set and seem to be comparable with other land cover information. Recommendations are made about combining and coarsening the data to the grid of any general circulation climate model. Methods of parameterizing surface radiative and hydrological properties in climate models are pr

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370050202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA study is made of local wind development in New Zealand alpine valleys. The general characteristics of alpine airflow regimes are examined using both climato logical and case study approaches. Thermo topographic and dynamic effects are the major influences on valley airflow, the relative significance of each varying spatially as well as seasonally and diurnally. Case studies show that clear relationships exist between micro meteorological characteristics within an alpine valley and the phases of local wind development. In particular, boundary layer stability and energy flow characteristics are seen to vary with different phases of local wind development. The examples studied illustrate basic characteristics of local airflow, but particularly the development of nocturnal mountain winds with a transition to daytime up‐valley flow. The airflow shows classic local wind characteristics, regarding depth, speed, and return currents. An intermediate layer frequently occurs between the alpine valley wind regime and the gradient flow above. This layer of generally light winds may be persistently north‐westerly and the result of regional dynamic forcing of the gradient wind. Alternatively, under weak gradient airflow, it may exhibit variability indicating regional thermal forc

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370050203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEmpirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was applied to the combined set of summer temperature precipitation over the Great Lake region, and water supplies to the Great Lakes. The purpose of this analysis to determine the association between these three variables. The results show that the predominant association between temperature and precipitation is a negative one, although a positive association is important central and eastern portions of the region. The water supplies to the lakes are more closely associated (positively) with precipitation than with temperature.Comparison between the results of the EOF analysis of the combined set of temperature, precipitation, water supplies (TPS) and the results of separate EOF analyses of temperature (T), precipitation ( P ), and supplies (S) shows that although the first loading patterns of T, P and S do appear in the combined loading of TPS, they do not appear together in the same pattern of TPS. This result provides further insight into the of the association between these variables.

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370050204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo seasonal periods with different rainfall characteristics were identified in the mountainous region of the Reventazón River basin, Costa Rica, a region of about 1770km2with altitudes in the 50O‐3000km range. These seasonal periods are December‐April, in which orographic rain predominates, and May‐November, in which convective showers predominate.The temporal variability of rainfall in the study area was examined using the coefficient of variation. It was found that the largest values of the coefficient of variation occur at high altitudes and the lowest values at middle altitudes. They are large in the December‐April period and small in the May‐November period.Correlation analysis was used to determine the spatial variability of rainfall in the study area. The results obtained show that the monthly and seasonal values of the correlation coefficient are generally larger than 0.7 over the study area in the December‐April period. In the May‐November period, the values of the correlation coefficient are in general quite small, less than 0‐3 for distances less than 50 km in the case of seasonal totals. In this latter period, a few values of the correlation coefficient larger than 0.7 are observed, but they correspond to areas with correlation radi

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370050205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Southern Oscillation (SO) signal at the surface level over the Indian Ocean is studied during the period 1954‐1976‐ The data set consists of ship observations analysed on a grid mesh of 2 degrees to determine monthly mean fields of wind, pressure, SST. air temperature and cloud cover. Time series of the parameters over different areas show the evidence of an SO signal over the Indian Ocean. Warm and high pressure episodes occur during El Nino event years. High correlation exists between pressure, SST, air temperature fields and the SO index (SOI) north of 10cS. Significant correlation between SOI and cloudiness and zonal wind is mainly found in the eastern Indian Ocean. Composite analysis of he pressure, SST, cloud cover and zonal component of the wind suggests that minimum cloudiness occurs slightly ahead of maximum pressure whereas weaker westerlies over northern Indian Ocean are associated with higher SST a few months later. Power spectral analysis demonstrate the existence of a major periodicity at 40 months, Fields of percentage of variance in the spectral range between 30 and 50 months show a stronger SO signal in the eastern than in the western part of the Indian Ocean, From bandpass filtering and phase spectral analysis of the time series, the phase relationships between the different parameters are determined. Minimum cloudiness occurs with maximum pressure during a phase of decreasing westerlies which reduce the cooling of the ocean and induces an above normal SST and air temperature. The results also suggest the eastward propagation of zonal wind anomalies over the equatorial Indian Ocean. Warmings over the eastern Indian Ocean are occurring simultaneously with the warmings over the Central Pacific Oc

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370050206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe vertical component of wind forced by topography in the Southern Hemisphere is calculated using the equation given by Saltzman and Irsch (1972). This equation contains the contribution of Ihe zonal mean. Results show that the vertical velocity forced by topography in the Southern Hemisphere is in genera! comparable to that in the Northern Hemisphere. As in the case of the Northern Hemisphere, the zonal deviations of wind contribute significantly to the vertical velocity.

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370050207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe urban heat island has traditionally been studied by showing its magnitude at a particular point in time, normally at night, when it reaches its maximum. The following paper adopts the strategy of Oke and Maxwell (1975) using heating and cooling rates to study the heat island. This method has the advantage of showing how the heat island develops and decays throughout the day. As the results reveal the most important changes occur at sunrise and sunset, the relative importance of the generating processes are considered with reference to the radiation budget of the urban surface. Results are reinforced by using urban and rural thermograph data.

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370050208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370050209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370050210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370050212

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY