摘要:

AbstractThe recent surge of interest in climate has resurrected correlation coefficients as tools for identifying ‘significant’ atmospheric teleconnections. Unfortunately, large coefficients may diminish and even change sign with time, suggesting absence of real physical relationships.Some statistical evidence supports the view that higher than normal sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific ‘cause’ less than normal rainfall in the Indian summer monsoon. However, a study of individual Augusts uncovers major exceptions and at the same time fails to confirm that Indian summer rainfall influences central and eastern Pacific rainfall or that the Southern Oscillation Index can be consistently related to conditions in either region.Around 1963‐1964 the apparent relationship between the Southern Oscillation Index and Indian rainfall reversed. At about the same time other global climatic relationships changed, raising the possibility of identifying and describing a major global climatic singularity separating two distinct statistical po

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRing widths of oak trees (Quercus petraeaLiebl. andQ. roborL.) from a network of 14 sites (13 in the British Isles and one in France) are used to reconstruct spatially‐averaged temperature and rainfall for England. A multiple linear regression technique is used, in which the regressors are orthogonal principal components of the ring widths. The multiple correlation coefficients are, statistically, highly significant, and the regression models' stability has been confirmed using independent data. These results demonstrate the usefulness of tree‐ring widths for climate reconstruction in temperate, maritime ar

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe spatial and temporal characteristics of variations in surface air temperature over the Northern Hemisphere landmasses during the present century are determined. The spatial patterns of change accompanying major warming and cooling episodes are mapped. The spatial representativeness of the Northern Hemisphere average is assessed and implications for proxy climate studies are considered. Finally, the seasonal breakdown of trends and correlations between monthly and annual data for the Arctic and Northern Hemisphere is considered.It is shown that, although generally similar, significant differences in the spatial patterns of change accompanying warming and cooling in the Northern Hemisphere average have occurred. In particular, the early 20th century warming was more coherent spatially (as well as more rapid and stronger) then either the cooling that followed or the recent warming. Various regions tend to vary consistently with the Northern Hemisphere average but the relationships are not as marked or widespread as some investigators have claimed or assumed.The annual Northern Hemisphere average is shown to be more strongly correlated with late spring and summer temperatures than with winter temperatures (although in the latter season the variability is greatest). Trends in temperature over the Northern Hemisphere have been strongest in April and May, whereas over the Arctic they have been strongest in January. This seasonal distribution may give an indication of the physical mechanisms underlying these climatic variations.

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTime‐series of monthly sea surface temperature and salinity data (1951‐1974) from stations in the N.E. Atlantic were investigated by calculating cross‐spectra using the method of maximum entropy analysis. This new technique has not previously been applied to climatological problems. The temperature and salinity data were also compared with surface heat‐flux and evaporation time‐series and wind observations. The main features of the seasonal cycle are apparent in the results, in particular, the close synchronism of the temperature cycle across the region. In addition, the results show that: variations in the seasonal flux of low salinity water led to short period anomalous salinity values, salinity and temperature anomalies tended to drift with the surface currents, and salinity and temperature changes at the lowest frequencies were caused by displacements of water masses which do not seem to have been forced locally. Fluctuations in heat‐flux and evaporation contributed to variations on a timescale of about three years and it is shown that these gave rise to additional spectral peaks by interacting with the sea

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLinear regression equations relating the global solar radiation and sunshine duration are derived for a total of 14 stations in Peninsular Malaysia. Mean monthly global solar radiation values for other stations which have only sunshine data are estimated using these regression equations. The intensities of global solar radiation during different times of the day and under different meteorological conditions are discussed. Maps of mean monthly global solar radiation are presented and discussed. It is found that the distribution pattern of global solar radiation follows somewhat with that of rainfall pattern.Net radiation was estimated using empirical equations developed by Chang (1970), Davies (1967). Selirioet al.(1971) and Penman (cited by Chang, 1970). Comparison of the estimated net radiation with the limited net radiation record available shows that the Davies' formula gives the best estimates. Hence Davies' formula is used for the estimation of net radiation. Maps of estimated net radiation are similarly prepared and discussed.

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe paper describes the methods and main results of processing the atmospheric component of the landscape on the scale of the local climate in the surroundings of the towns of Rosice and Oslavany over an area of about 280 km2.The analysis of the local climate is based on the results of measurement of the authors' own network of 13 topoclimatic stations and on processing the material from 5 precipitation measuring stations from the network of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute.For characterizing the local climate of the studied territory 9 characteristics of the diurnal regime of air temperature and humidity and the annual regime of precipitation were used, for which correlation and regression relations to the parameters of the relief (height above sea level, angle and. azimuth of slope) of the territory studied were determined. Finding the regression relations enabled the extension of point measurements of meteorological elements to the whole area of the territory studied and by means of statistically determined intervals of extremity of the characteristics employed to fill with them the basic information system‐a hexagonal network covering the territory under investigation. This in turn made it possible to outline partial climatomesochores in the territory of interest.By the summation of the values of selected characteristics of meteorological elements an overall characteristic of the local climate was determined, the so‐called relative climatic potent

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractVarious methods of estimating montly means and extremes of climatological data are examined. Any generalized method is likely to be based on a correlation matrix, but the incompleteness of the data introduces problems with this approach. These are illustrated by program BMDPAM of the BMDP suite, which produces estimates inferior to those using traditional methods based on single station comparisons. Principal component analysis is considered likely to be the best statistical technique for estimating missing values among highly correlated data. The high quality correlation matrix required as input can be obtained by using a simple estimating procedure to produce a preliminary set of complete data. A simple technique devised for estimating climatological data in the U.K. was found to give results similar to those obtained from an eigenvector scheme used for quality control purposes. The accuracy of the technique is such that it is suggested that satisfactory averages could be estimated for stations with only 10 years of data, and possibly less.

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030308

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA simple statistical method is outlined to evaluate and improve routine temperature observations from meteorological stations in developing countries. This quality control achieves two things. It identifies anomalous data before storage or use. It also reveals whether thermograph, minimum thermometer, maximum thermometer and dry bulb thermometer have to be checked and/or how their data must be improved to be internally consistent. In addition this statistical approach assesses differences between averaging methods. It can be concluded that with this cost‐efficient method, temperature data accuracy obtained will be adequate for agricultural purposes and other climatological application

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030309

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA simple statistical test is proposed for matching the peaks occurring in two spectra, and an application to rainfall data is described. By comparing the spectra of related variables, small peaks in the rainfall spectra are shown lo contain information. However regularities in the occurrence of minima and maxima in climatological spectra can be explained by non‐linearities in the noise portion of the input dat

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030310

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030311

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY