摘要:

AbstractThe physically‐based model BUDGET combined a solar radiation transmission model and a steady state slope energy budget model. Climatic observations, averaged for 10‐degree latitude bands, were used as input in order to systematically examine the changing energy budget components (net radiation, conduction, sensible, and latent heat flux) occurring at the various slope angles (0 to 90°) and directions (south‐, west‐, and north‐facing). Two contrasting landscapes were examined (barren and grassy) along a latitudinal transect of the east coast of the Americas (northern hemisphere). The response of energy budget components was systematic and orderly on a latitudinal basis. However, a great diversity among energy budgets between different slopes and their orientation at a particular latitude was characteristic and more pronounced in the higher latitudes. These findings were assumed to be general enough to encompass most of the possible contrasts encountered in a real‐world north‐

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370040202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effect that distance (d) has upon the correlation coefficient (r) obtained between paired radiation (R) and sunshine (S) stations was determined for the North Central region of the United States. Distances between stations varied from 0 to 608 km.In the regression ofragainstdthree features of interest were found. First, the slope of the annual r values with distance is essentially linear from about 60 to 550 km and equals about −0.12/100 km. Secondly, fromd= 0 to 60 km, the value ofrremains constant at about 0–88, creating a ‘zone of indifference’ due to inherent differences between radiation and sunshine recording instruments and the insensitivity of the latter. Thirdly, beyond about 550 km the slope appears to reach a constant value, which varies with season but is aboutr= 0–30 on an annual basis.Seasonal and geographical differences in the degree of correlation between r and d are noted and discusse

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370040203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA stochastic model has been developed to generate sequences of hourly mean wind speeds for different sites in the United Kingdom. A feature of its formulation is that three distinct wind speed regimes have been identified within a time series and each regime fitted separately. Sixteen stations providing data over a 15 year period have been used to develop and test the model. Results are encouraging, more especially for the higher speeds.

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370040204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe paper presents the results of a detailed study of the annual rainfall of India in relation to the sunspot cycle for the period 1871 to 1978. Rainfall time series of individual stations as well as of meteorological subdivisions have been examined for the full period (108 years) and for two half periods.The correlation coefficients (CC) of 306 stations for the full period lie between 4–0–29 and −0–14 with a preponderance of positive over negative values in the ratio 4:1. Twenty‐six CC values are significant at the 5 per cent level. The CC values for the two subseries reveal appreciable temporal variations, the correlations being higher for the first half. Lag correlations between the rainfall and sunspot series indicate that the CC values tend to increase when the rainfall is correlated with sunspot numbers 1 to 3 years later and to decrease when correlated with sunspot numbers 1 to 3 years earlier.Examination of the all‐India rainfall series and the sunspot series for the full period shows that excess rainfall years were significantly more during the ascending phase of alternate cycles. Superposed epoch analysis and the Student t test show that the rainfall around the maximum of even cycles characterized by high sunspot activity is significantly higher than the corresponding rainfall in the odd cycles with lesser spot activity. Correlation study with a 15‐year sliding window reveals large temporal variations in the CC values.Although most of the variance in the rainfall time series is due to causes unconnected with the sunspot cycle, the present study suggests the existence of a weak positive association between Indian rainfall and sunspots on the 22‐year time scale, although the causal connec

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370040205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the United Kingdom few river catchments have overflow records longer than 35 years. The wealth of precipitation data in the United Kingdom enables long records of riverflow to be produced with a catchment model calibrated over the recent period. For most parts of England and Wales it is shown that monthly sequences of riverflow that account for 90–95 per cent of the variance of the measured riverflow can be produced back to 1860. Reconstructions are made on 10 catchments (size range 400–4500 km2) in both upland and lowland Britain. Reliable reconstructions are possible using as few as 4 rainguage records.The reconstructions provide not only a valuable database for the study of the effect of climatic change on riverflow, but also allow stationarity, homoscedasticy and changes in the frequency of extreme events to be examined. It is shown that on the 10 catchments extreme droughts with a duration of 18 months are three times more likely to have occurred between 1925 and 1979 than between 1870 and 1924. The significance of this and other findings are discussed in the context of water resource analysis. The reconstructed riverflows, apart from their obvious use for water resource analysis, also provide a valuable climatological database for the possible further extension of riverflow using proxy climate indicators such as tree ri

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370040206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA 25‐year (1956–1980) Southern Hemisphere sea level pressure (SLP) data set (G‐SLP) for the region 10°S–50°S was created by manually extracting interpolated grid point data from monthly SLP maps contained in the German publicationDie Witterung in Übersee. Comparison of long term means with published means indicated that the major large‐scale circulation features on the original maps were retained through the extraction process. Comparison between a short term subset (1972–1979) of the data set and A‐SLP, derived from a SLP data set produced by the Australian National Meteorological Analysis Centre of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, substantiated the reasonableness of the extraction process and suggested areas of possible data problems. The 50°S data was determined to be insufficient for statistical studies owing to missing data. Most areas of significant difference between G‐SLP and A‐SLP, as determined by a Student's t test, can probably be accounted for by the fact that A‐SLP includes satellite data not included in G‐SLP. Analysis of the informational content of the G‐SLP data set is presented, the results of which strongly suggest that the derived data set will be useful in large‐scale climatic studies involving interannual variabili

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370040207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTercile contingency tables were computed using 75 years (1895–1969) of state‐weighted monthly temperature and precipitation data. The data were grouped into 3‐month seasons and ranked for each state into three equally probable terciles. By comparing each season with the antecedent season, the magnitude of interseasonal persistence (or reversal) which exceeded chance was measured and mapped for the United States.The patterns of interseasonal tendencies are quite varied and demonstrate that there are geographical regions with substantial persistence of climatic anomalies between seasons. There were also regions which reverse tendencies (for example, a wet spring tending to follow a dry winter). The average excess tendency over chance for all contingencies is approximately 9 per cent. Seasonal forecasts were then generated (for an independent data period of 1970–1978) using only these contingency relationships. Standard skill scores were calculated and it was determined that these climatological interseasonal tendencies could not alone produce seasonal forecasts exceeding

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370040208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370040209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370040210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370040211

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY