摘要:

AbstractObservations are presented suggesting the significance of sea breezes in producing distinctive diurnal boundary layer oscillations over Christchurch. Sea breeze effects are shown to be an all‐year phenomenon reaching their maxima in summer. The interaction of onshore wind components with south‐westerly gradient winds (even under cloudy conditions) appears to produce a distinctive all‐seasons diurnal rhythm in the gradient wind. The development of shallow north‐easterlies blowing into an orographically‐induced lee trough, preceding the onset of ground north‐westerlies, is shown to produce a complicated system of onshore airflow when combined with the sea breeze. Under such conditions it is argued that a sea breeze return current may be discerned.Canterbury sea breezes are an important feature of the local climate and correspond in many respects to classical sea breeze models. Notwithstanding, it is their site‐specific characteristics that render them of partic

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370010302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHurricaneAllenthreatened to be a storm of devastating potential in the Caribbean and on the Gulf coast of Texas or Louisiana. Although it deepened on three occasions to the intensity of a category 5 storm on the Saffir‐Simpson Scale, its track was such that the islands escaped the worst possible effects. By the time it had reached close to the Texas coast the storm had started to fill. Storm surge damage was the major cause of damage, though locally in the Caribbean islands and to some extent in Texas, this was compounded by wind and/or rain effects. The forecasts gave a clear indication of the magnitude of the impending threat and, except in Haiti, the loss of life was fortunately very small. The track, the variations in intensity and the landfall were predicted efficiently and errors in track positions were smaller than the longer period averages for different forecast periods for other tropical cyclone

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370010303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA simple hardware scale model is used to simulate nocturnal cooling rates for rural and urban environments under calm and cloudless conditions. Comparison with field observations gathered under similar conditions shows the model capable of reproducing many of the features of the temporal development of urban heat islands and the long‐wave radiative exchange in urban canyons. The model is used to investigate the roles played by rural/urban differences in geometry and thermal admittance. The results of the experiments show that canyon geometry in the central portion of a city (as measured by the sky view factor) is a relevant variable in producing nocturnal urban heat islands due to its role in regulating long‐wave radiative heat loss. It is also demonstrated that this measure is central to the relationship between city size and heat island intensity. The importance of canyon geometry as a feature of urban design is discussed. Thermal admittance differences can also produce realistic heat island features but their magnitude requires quantification in the fi

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370010304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFrom routine hourly observations reported during 5 years at one site in Denmark, empirical relations for net radiation over green grass are found. These relations give an estimate of the net radiation for the measuring site from the geographical position, local time, representative surface albedo, measured global radiation and/or total cloud cover in oktas. Cloud types are taken into account, if the reported clouds are mainly cirrus forms. This is a result of a classification of the net radiation according to cloud cover and type, i.e. a total of 90 classes. Different relations are found for different cloud covers.The derived procedure is used on another site in Denmark with another representative surface albedo. From 10 years of data, consistency is found for net radiation measurements at the two sites, allowing extrapolation of the derived net radiation procedure to other sites in Denmark. Data from the Wangara experiment (Clarke, 1971), covering 40 days, showed a similar relation for clear sky conditions, but revealed another general dependency of net radtation upon cloud cover than that found in Denmark. Therefore, relations of the kind found in this study are related to the weather and climate of the measuring site. Comparisons between net radiation estimated from the models and measurements from different sites is r2⋍ 0.

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370010305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEigenvector spatial patterns for European temperatures have been investigated for seven periods between 1761 and 1969. When the number of observations greatly exceeds the number of stations used in the analysis, the main patterns of anomaly are seen to be stable in time, appearing in the same position in the eigenvalue ranking order in each period. Patterns which are time‐invariant are concluded to have physical significanc

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370010306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe main patterns of European rainfall anomalies were obtained from a principal component analysis of 182 homogeneous rainfall series from 1861 to 1970. The most important component corresponded to an anomaly of the same sign and magnitude covering most of the area examined. The principal components were essentially the same for all seasons and limited networks of stations back to 1786 showed that they were stable with lime. Spectral analysis of the patterns revealed cycles in European rainfall at periods of 2.4 years in summer and 2.1 and 5 years in the winter half year. The first of these is the most likely to represent a permanent feature of the atmosphere.

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370010307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370010308

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370010309

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370010310

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370010311

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY