ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608259008

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A research approach based on probable cognitive skills of desert Aboriginal people was derived from suggestions for research in comparative psychology made by Lockard (1971), and from contradictory reports of high Aboriginal skill in difficult environmental circumstances and inferior performance in school and on IQ tests. Aboriginal children and adolescents of both semi‐traditional and non‐traditional groups performed significantly better than White Australian subjects on visual spatial memory tasks requiring memory for spatial location of a kind postulated as useful in desert way‐finding. This difference was seen to support a genetic hypothesis, on the assumption that non‐traditional Aboriginal children were reared like White Australian children. It is now apparent that this assumption is unjustified, and that many traditional child‐rearing practices are maintained by non‐traditional Aboriginal people, even of the city, which may be important for the development of particular cognitive skills. The genetic hypothesis is therefore abandoned. Suggestions are made for cross‐cultural research on child‐rearing and its cognitive effects in both Aboriginal and White Au

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608259009

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The article compares ontogenetic and cognitive competence approaches to studying psychological development cross‐culturally, particularly in relation to the comparison of child and adult performance. Results of a cross‐cultural interview study of children's and Aboriginal teacher trainees' metacognitive knowledge of reading and other aspects of school learning are presented. Aboriginal trainees' knowledge about reading is compared with their knowledge about the skills involved in indigenous storytelling. The distinction between novice and expert within the cognitive competence framework is used to explain qualitative differences in the Aboriginal trainees' knowledge about the two types of cognitive sk

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608259010

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper is concerned with two pervasive issues in cross‐cultural studies: how to account for the results obtained from comparisons of cultural groups with one another, and how to bring together “macro” accounts of society with “micro” accounts of individual performances. The material provides a general description of these issues, and an account of the way they have structured a program of research at Macquarie University. The account of Macquarie research covers empirical work together with the development of theoretical arguments. These arguments are related especially to the need for descriptive terms that can be used both for culture and for individual performance and that are compatible with one another or allow a translation from one to

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608259011

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Within the historical frame of the paradigmatic change in psychology from behaviourism to cognitivism, the paper critically examines the basic metatheoretical features of cognitive social psychology, focusing the analysis on three major areas of that field: attribution, the impression of persons, and stereotypes. Of core concern in each theory‐research enterprise are processes of the individual mind: causal inference, organization of traits, retrieval of stimulus information, etc. that are assumed to be general over content‐domains, and universal across cultural contexts. A critique of cognitive process theory centres on these problematic assumptions, and argues that a priori aculturism prevents falsification of the hypothesized processes; tests of content‐generality require that the meaning of varying surface content be constant, yet by ignoring culture, access to the source of meaning is precluded; cross‐cultural research is necessary to specify the shared objective basis of social cognition which cannot be comprehended by process‐theory. Finally, the results of cross‐cultural experiments specify systems of beliefs and values that sufficiently account for social attribution and judgement without reference to menta

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608259012

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The dimension of individualism‐collectivism, as identified by Hofstede (1980), was studied using items developed both theoretically and emically in nine diverse cultures. The dimension was found to be analysable into four stable etic factors: Individualism had two aspects (Separation from IngroupsandSelf‐Reliance with Hedonism)and collectivism had two aspects (Family IntegrityandInterdependence with Sociability). These four factors are orthogonal to each other. The location of nine cultures on these four factors was used to compute a “collectivism” score which correlatedr= + · 73 with Hofstede's (1980) collectivism scores for the nine cultures. This approach enables the measurement of individualism‐collectivism in each culture as well as across cultures, and shows that different methods for measuring individualism‐collectiv

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608259013

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article reviews cross‐cultural studies from the Flinders University research program on values that have involved use of the Rokeach Value Survey. These studies fall into two main classes: (a) comparisons of Australian value priorities with those of other countries, and (b) research into the value priorities of different ethnic groups within Australia as part of an interest in migrant assimilation. The Rokeach Value Survey is described and modifications to it are noted; analytic procedures based upon individual data and group data are discussed with examples; and questions of cross‐cultural appropriateness and equivalence are addressed. The interpretation of value differences across cultures is discussed with specific reference to findings from student samples from Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Ch

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608259014

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper discusses a number of the conceptual and methodological questions arising from work motivation research by the author and others in Africa. A principal assumption is that cross‐cultural psychologists should be able to provide practical advice to social planners. It is argued that a theory of values based on a cognitive social learning perspective provides a basis on which a search for cross‐cultural universals could be pursued alongside a clearer delineation of factors influencing work motivation in particular cultures. As much of the research in work motivation continues to utilize instruments which tend to replicate factors found in Western countries, alternatives which reveal indigenous value constructs are discussed. These include an unstructured inventory devised by the author. It is concluded that further significant advances depend on a greater degree of cooperation among researchers to carry out large‐scale validation studies, and the involvement of local psycholo

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608259015

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The focus of this research has been the creation, testing and elaboration of a model of values development which involves the development of cognitive abilities but also takes interpersonal demands and the cultural context into account. The use of the cross‐cultural method makes it possible to separate the processes of values thinking, which may have some common characteristics across different cultural groups, from the values held, which derive from the child's culture. The issues are discussed using examples from data obtained from Malay, Indian, Chinese and Australian adolescent

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608259016

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A British study of the rules for 22 social relationships was replicated in Hong Kong, Italy and Japan, and a number of cross‐cultural hypotheses tested. It was found that there were rules for all relationships and that for each relationship certain rules were endorsed in all four cultures. In Hong Kong, Italy and Japan the relationships formed three clusters, in terms of similar rules. However in Britain only two clusters were found. In the Eastern cultures, especially in Japan, there were more rules about obedience, avoiding loss of face, maintaining harmonious relations in groups, and restraining emotional expression. In Japan there were more rules for hierarchical work relations, fewer for family. In Hong Kong rules about respect for parents were important. In Italy there was more endorsement of rules prescribing emotional expression, and for keeping up intimacy in intimate relations; sex was endorsed as permissible in a wide range of relationships.It is acknowledged that a more emic approach would have been desirable; there were some negative results which might be explicable in terms of cultural variations in the expression of basic processes, for example there was no greater endorsement of exchange of rewards in Japan. The fact that more rules were endorsed in the British sample is probably because the rules were taken from a British study. Suggestions are made for rules which might have been included if the study had originated in Japa

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608259017

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY