摘要:

The advantages of using confirmatory factor analysis in the analysis of multitrait‐multimethod (MTMM) matrices are discussed. This method is then applied to investigate the convergent and discriminant validity of three Australian developed personality instruments ‐ two measures of self‐esteem (Watkins, 1978) and the New England Personality Questionnaire (Fitzgerald&Cole, 1976). Examination of a MTMM matrix based on the responses of 275 university students generally supported the construct validity of these instru

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108254697

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pedestrians in four different field settings (a complex, pleasant environment; a complex, unpleasant environment; a simple, pleasant environment; and a simple, unpleasant environment) were asked for help in finding an address. Contrary to theoretical predictions, no main effects for environmental complexity or environmental pleasantness on prosocial behaviour were observed. However, females were more helpful in the complex environments while males were more helpful in the simple environments. Females also smiled more than males in the complex environments. The results are discussed in reference to sex‐differences in reactions to social densit

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108254698

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rates of prosocial and affiliative behaviour were measured in the Townsville central business district before and after construction of a downtown mall. Pedestrians were more likely to help an investigator pick up fallen pencils after construction of the mall. Pedestrians were also more likely to return eye contact and speak to an investigator who offered a friendly greeting after construction of the mall. Subjects rating slides of the pre‐mall and mall environments reported the mall to be a more pleasurable setting to be in. They also anticipated feeling more friendly and helpful there. The results are discussed in reference to Mehrabian and Russell's (1974) theory of the emotion‐eliciting characteristics of environme

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108254699

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A representative sample of 301 Adelaide retirees was interviewed using a structured questionnaire which requested information about locus of control, health symptoms and satisfaction with reitrement (activities, finance, health, people and life in general). Previous research (Reid, Haas,&Hawkings, 1977) had shown that life satisfaction and adjustment of internally controlled retirees was greater than that reported by externally controlled retirees. As it was possible that this relationship was moderated by health of retirees and rated aspect of life satisfaction, it was considered necessary to establish the association between locus of control and aspects of retirement satisfaction when health was statistically controlled. Using partial correlations it was found that Rotter's locus of control scale was a significant predictor of most aspects of retirement satisfaction for males when age and self‐reported health was controlled. For females, only life satisfaction was significantly predicted. Using path analysis, the relationship between the level of skill‐utilization in pre‐retirement occupation, locus of control, and life satisfaction was examined. Skill‐utilization was negatively associated with locus of control for both males and females, but did not have a direct association with life satis

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108254700

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The dimensionality of the Rotter locus of control scale is discussed in terms of interpretability, comparison with other studies, the pattern of eigen values, and goodness of fit. It is concluded that the identification of more than two factors should be done with considerable reluctance.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108254701

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The literature relating to the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on offspring activity is reviewed. It is concluded that if animals are exposedin uteroto doses of alcohol greater than 6‐7 g/kg per day and are tested prior to 70 days of age, they exhibit an increase in activity in comparison with control offspring. This overactivity appears to result from a lack of response inhibition. It is hypothesized that this is due to a retardation of the development of the cholingeric and/or serotonergic inhibitory systems in the forebrain and suggestions are made as to how this hypothesis could be tested by both behavioural and pharmacological means. Knowledge of the activity changes is then employed to bring order to the literature on the effects of intrauterine alcohol exposure on offspring learning ability. It is concluded that if animals are exposedin uteroto doses of alcohol greater than 6‐7 g/kg per day and tested prior to 70 days of age their performance on various learning tasks is confounded by their overactivity. If they are tested after this age then their performance on certain learning tasks is impaired. Finally, the similarities between the animal data and reports in the human literature are no

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108254702

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Data from interviews on 5,000 men and 5,000 women in New Zealand who were contacted in 1978‐79 are partly analysed to examine the relationships between self‐reported consumption levels, age, sex, and components of attitudes to alcohol and its role in society, based on 21 items previously scaled. The sampling fraction of one in 300 is one of the highest used in a national survey, consequently the data have important normative status. Relations between variables were examined by regression and canonical correlation procedures and shown to be complex and heterogeneous. Up to 19.4% of the consumption variance is predictable from a linear combination of age, sex and attitude d

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108254703

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present research has three distinguishing characteristics among behaviour genetic researches in this area: (1) use of the MAVA rather than the Twin Method, with advantages regarding assumptions, (2) psychologically, the separate measurement of fluid and crystallized general intelligences, gfand gc, instead of an undifferentiated g, and (3) uses of the OSES (Overlapping Simultaneous Equation Sets) in analysis for solutions.The data is on 470 brothers reared together, 94 identical twins reared together, 124 fraternal twins reared together, and 1973 boys (fluid intelligence) and 2973 (crystallized intelligence) unrelated. All were in the 12‐18 years age range. The MAVA method used employed the equations for the six concrete variances that could be used together. Only one six set and four sets of five from among the six finally proved algebraically and numerically soluble, in terms of the required abstract variances. The alternative of least squares fit solution is being presented also elsewhere.The conclusions are (1) that past work by the twin method has been seriously in error in equating inter‐sib (or fraternal twin) to inter‐identical twin environmental differences, the latter here turning out to be about half the former; (2) that Burt's heritability of 0.80 is an upper limit, applying to the twin method estimates of environmental difference only ‐ the heritability of both fluid and crystallized intelligence across the general population turns out to be around .60; (3) that the genothreptic correlations, not previously soluble, are substantially negative and support the law of coercion to the bio‐social mean; (4) that a theory of duo‐threpsis, pointing to differential action of two kinds of environment in producing threptic variance, best fits the finding that the within family heritability is no higher for fluid than crystallized intelligence whereas the between family heritability is decidedly higher; and (5) that sampling errors and some contrasts with least squares solutions, indicate that it would be desirable to seek still larger samples if heritabilities are to be determined finely enough to permit further theoreti

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108254704

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The home television viewing patterns of 282 preschool children attending the Lady Gowrie Child Centres were investigated. By means of parental reports, data were collected on the following issues: (a) how much television children of this age viewed; (a) the behaviour children engaged in while watching television; (c) the programmes they enjoyed most; and (d) the extent to which preschoolers copied and idolized things seen and heard on television. Differences in viewing patterns were clearly evident with children from lower socioeconomic families tending to be higher viewers, to engage in more distractable behaviours as they watched the television, and to be less impressed by educational programmes.Additionally, boys were found to watch more television than girls and single children to watch more than children with siblings. The potential importance of style of viewing and not simply amount viewed as a variable in understanding the effect of TV viewing on children is discussed.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108254705

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A central problem in the area of leisure research is the measurement and description of this diverse sphere of activity. One solution to the problem is to profile people's leisure pattern in terms of a number of psychologically significant, task based attributes derived from an analysis of people's leisure activities. The present study sought to provide some evidence for the validity of this task based approach. The leisure patterns of 132 first year university students were described along five task dimensions ‐ influence, variety, pressure, skill utilization and interaction. It was hypothesized that these leisure attributes would be significantly and differentially correlated with a number of personality measures including extroversion, affiliation, dominance, need for control, achievement, harm avoidance, endurance, locus of control, cognitive structure and change. These hypotheses were substantially supported. Both frequency and importance of participation information did not, in most cases, increase the size of the correlation between personality and leisure attributes. Personality and leisure attributes were slightly correlated also with leisure satisfaction. It was concluded that a task based description of leisure allows the identification of some significant variations in leisure pattern

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108254706

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY