摘要:

First grade children of different socio‐economic status and different ethnic background were compared on 2 tests of language ability: the PPVT and the ITPA. On these tests, lower SES and part‐Aboriginal children performed at a significantly lower level than upper SES children. Utilizing ITPA subtest scores, it is evident that this significant difference was the result of low achievement on subtests measuring the auditory and/or vocal components of psycholinguistic ability. On subtests measuring visual and/or motor components differences between the groups were minimal. These results supported the contention that familial experiences differentially affect language ski

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049536808255751

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In an experiment with the Müller‐Lyer figure, instructions to judge ‘apparent’ size equality resulted in a larger visual illusion than instructions to judge ‘objective’ size‐equality. The two sets of instructions did not, however, have a differential effect on the amount of haptic illusion. One reason for this difference may be that visual inspection permitted S to perceive the illusion figure in relation to its background while haptic inspection did not. The data may also reflect differences in the way spatial information is sampled within the two modalities. Haptic inspection entails widespread sampling from the figure under both instruction conditions. With visual inspection it is possible that widespread sampling occurs with one set of instructions but n

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049536808255752

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Reference is made to the results of earlier experiments on the relative times required to perceive increasing quantities of presented stimulus material, and a comparison is made with results recorded by Welford.In a further experiment, 42 young adult Ss were tested with 5 series of stimulus material each containing a quantitative range of material with increasing complexity of structure from series to series. It was found that the absolute perception time for the single units of these series did not differ greatly, but that the relative times for perceiving more than 1 unit presented simultaneously increased in accordance with increased content and with complexity of content.The rates of perception were found to increase to a maximum corresponding to an optimal quantum of simultaneously presented material, and then to decrease when the amount presented was further increased.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049536808255753

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Seven open‐field measures (defecation, urination, ambulation, washing, rearing, latency, and inner circle activity) were obtained using a number of different scoring methods for albino and hooded rats.The albino Ss were tested on 3 different occasions. The first test session was conducted when Ss were 90 days old, the second test session was held 63 days later and a third test session was conducted 154 days after the second. The hooded rats were subjected to 1 test session when Ss were 90 days old. The reliability of these measures was examined using test‐retest and odd‐even day correlations. The obtained results suggested that defecation, ambulation and rearing can be considered as providing reliable measures of behaviour in the open

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049536808255754

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A lever‐pressing technique was employed to investigate the hypothesis that affective intensity contributes to the strength of the associative connection between words and therefore influences semantic generalization. Motor responses to high affect stimuli and their dominant associates were compared with responses to low affect stimuli and their dominant associates (the associative frequency being matched for both groups). There was significantly more response, and generalization of response, to high affect than to low affect stimuli. In the initial, incidental learning situation, associative frequency was an important factor in generalization, but this effect declined in the retest. It was concluded that affective intensity is a significant variable in both the incidental and the controlled learning of meaningful words, and in semantic generalizatio

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049536808255755

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four groups of partially reinforced Ss were run in a T‐maze. During a delay period at the choice point 1 of 2 signal stimuli was presented to all Ss. The information value of the signals was varied for each group and was a function of the reliability with which the stimuli predicted reward or location. The results indicated that the secondary reinforcement value of the signal stimuli was related to their reliability as predictors of both reward and location, rather than to their association or non‐association with primary reinforcem

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049536808255756

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ss were trained in a serial discriminative task under normal sensory feedback; with visual (+K‐V) information loss; with kinaesthetic (‐K+V) information loss. The performance curves over the 10 training sessions showed initial high decrement for ‐K+V; and somewhat less decrement for +K‐V groups. All groups improved significantly, the information loss groups reaching the same final performance level. In Test 1 (normal feedback), the groups performed at equal levels. Thus it was proposed that sensory information during the practice of a new skill influences performance rather than learning. The results in Test 2, where feedback channels available toSs differed from those utilized during training, lent some support to the hypothesis of the dependence of skilled task on the modality utilized during t

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049536808255757

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Male and female rats of 2 ages (approximately 47 and 189 days) were observed in an exploration box consisting of novel and familiar halves. The younger rats travelled shorter distances and spent less time exploring than older animals. Females engaged in more locomotion than males. However, there were no age or sex effects on preferences for being in the novel half of the apparatus. There tended to be less exploration and locomotion and more grooming towards the end of a testing session than there was at the beginning. By confirming some of the author's past findings this experiment more conclusively demonstrated the effects of age on the incidence of exploratory and locomotor activities in rats.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049536808255758

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Tests were applied for incremental and all‐or‐none learning in a situation where each of 2 responses was equally reinforced with a stimulus complex consisting of 2 3‐letter nonsense syllables. Learning was continued for 7 trials, and cases where subjects could give both correct responses were analysed to see whether they occurred with separate nonsense syllables or with the same one. It was found that when two responses were attached to a stimulus complex, both responses were elicited by each of the component stimuli. This result would not normally be predicted from an S‐R conception of learning, but is favourable to derivations from the expectancy theory of MacCorquodal

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049536808255759

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects on signal detection performance of the value of correctly detecting a signal and the costs of a miss and false detection were examined for auditory vigilance behaviour.Results suggested that poorer detection performance was obtained with increased costs for misses and false detections, while the value placed on the correct detection of a signal had little effect.The d' statistic of signal detection theory was invariant with both signal costs and time, while β varied with both factors. These results were interpreted to mean that the performance decrement during the vigil was due to an increased strictness in the criterion (β) which theSused for deciding whether or not a signal was present. The cost factors were effective in manipulating performance during the watch by causing changes in theS's decision criteria. Findings from this study unanimously support those predicted by Swetset al's (1961) “Decision Theory” this is suggested as perhaps being the best available basis for a theory of vigi

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049536808255760

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY