摘要:

Of a group of 60 3‐year‐old children, the 10 with consistently high and stable heart rates across a variety of cognitive procedures, in contrast to 11 children with consistently low and variable heart rates, were described by their mothers as motivated for intellectual mastery and obedient toward them, and these children behaved in accord with these descriptions on selected cognitive tests and during observations at home. It is suggested that heart rate reactions in testing situations might prove helpful when included as part of a larger set of procedures designed to evaluate a young child's motivational involvement in psychological ta

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538408255086

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

First, we outline the lack of research interest for motivational intervening variables within the information processing tradition. A series of experiments within a large‐scale research project is then briefly described in order to demonstrate the impact of motivational processes in simple learning experiments. The focus is on the effects of expecting various types of tests in memory tasks. The first three experiments look more closely at test expectancy effects on free recall, recognition accuracy and recognition reaction time. Experiments 4 and 5 extend the test expectancy findings to text learning as a function of the available study time. In Experiments 6 and 7, an attempt is made to investigate the organizing activities of the subjects in text learning as a function of test expectancies. A considerable number of interactions between the expectations of the learner and the characteristics of the learning material are obtained in all experiments. It is concluded that, by taking into account motivation, more justice in human behaviour is done to the density of cognitive processes involved and their complexit

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538408255087

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two experiments, using Bransford and Johnson's (1972) paradigm, investigated the relationship between the degree of organization of the stimulus events occurring during the interval and the remembered apparent duration of the interval. Experiment 1 used the method of estimation and Experiment 2 the method of comparative judgement to assess the remembered duration of the interval. In both experiments the events were sentences which, depending on the provision of thematic information, could be organized either into a meaningful whole or as a sequence of semantically unrelated sentences. While the experimental manipulation affected memory and comprehension measures there was no effect on judgements of duration. The results are discussed in the context of Ornstein's (1969) memory store size model and Block's (1979) contextual change model of remembered duration.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538408255088

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two experiments investigated the nature of the code in which lip‐read speech is processed. In Experiment 1 subjects repeated words, presented with lip‐read and masked auditory components out of synchrony by 600 ms. In one condition the lip‐read input preceded the auditory input, and in the second condition the auditory input preceded the lip‐read input. Direction of the modality lead did not affect the accuracy of report. Unlike auditory/graphic letter matching (Wood, 1974), the processing code used to match lip‐read and auditory stimuli is insensitive to the temporal ordering of the input modalities. In Experiment 2, subjects were presented with two types of lists of colour names: in one list some words were heard, and some read; the other list consisted of heard and lip‐read words. When asked to recall words from only one type of input presentation, subjects confused lip‐read and heard words more frequently than they confused heard and read words. The results indicate that lip‐read and heard speech share a common, non‐modality specific, processing stage that excludes graphically presented phonolo

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538408255089

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It has been reported that fit atheletes have more slow wave sleep (SWS), sleep longer and have shorter sleep onset latencies than unfit individuals. However, we have shown that these differences are not a direct consequence of physical fitness. This suggests that the effect is due to more enduring characteristics of individuals. We report two experiments designed to test the hypothesis that individual differences in sleep are related to differences in body composition. The hypothesis was tested in two different experiments, each comparing independent groups of fit athletes with unfit non‐athletes. In each experiment both sleep and a number of anthropometric variables were measured. Twenty‐five fit and 22 unfit subjects were run in Experiment 1 and 17 fit and 17 unfit in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1 percentage fat was estimated from a skin fold method, while in Experiment 2 lean body mass (LBM) was estimated from 24 h. urinary creatinine. The results showed that percentage LBM was negatively related to SWS in fit subjects, while the amount of LBM and weight were negatively related in the unfit groups. When all subjects were combined within each experiment, significant negative correlations were found between SWS and both LBM and percentage LBM in Experiment 2. The results suggest that body composition influences SWS levels, but not other components of sl

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538408255090

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The theoretical and empirical literature on the attribution of responsibility and helping behaviour suggests that a causal relationship exists between the perception of a victim's responsibility for his or her distress and the observer's willingness to help. This relationship was examined in a study of the attributions Victorians made and the amount of help (donations) given to the victims of the Ash Wednesday bushfires. The survey responses of 372 subjects indicated that although many people attributed a considerable degree of responsibility to the victims, attributions were unrelated to subsequent helping behaviour. Instead, helping was mediated by feelings of personal obligation to lend assistance and feelings of sympathy for the victims. It is argued that attribution theory may not be relevant to serious situations where norms for helping are highly salient.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538408255091

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Full‐time employed (N= 255), partly employed (N= 48), and unemployed (N= 43) male and female university graduates completed a questionnaire that included measures designed to assess expected job levels and current job levels and two measures of potential social action (willingness to volunteer actions and hours to a fictional Campaign to Assist Unemployed Youth). Comparisons between groups and the results of multiple regression analyses provided mixed support for the prediction that larger negative gaps between expected and current employment status would be associated with a greater willingness to assist the Campaign. The unemployed respondents tended to volunteer more actions and more hours to the Campaign than did the other two groups. A multiple regression analysis showed that the current level by expected level interaction term was statistically significant as predicted, but only for the fully employed graduates. Within the full‐time employed group, female graduates and those from the humanities/social sciences/education schools expressed more willingness to assist the Campaign than did male graduates and those from the sciences/medicine schools of the university. Results were discussed in relation to current research on relative deprivation and reported affect and to recent studies of job satisfact

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538408255092

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The study constitutes an expansion of Kohn's work on social class and parental values, in two directions: firstly a search for value dimensions other than Kohn's self‐direction/conformity; and secondly, an investigation of three aspects of social structure: immigrant status, quality of neighbourhood and housing type. Data were collected from parents of 305 9–11‐year‐olds resident in Sydney. Kohn's parental values instrument was used, but analysed using a multivariate linear model rather than the traditional way (factor analysis followed by a univariate multiple regression). Immigrant status, neighbourhood quality, family income, child's sex and street type all predicted particular parental value sets. Non Anglo immigrnts differed from other groups in their strong emphasis on school performance, sex role performance and sibling relations. Parents in higher quality neighbourhoods put greater value on children's sociability than did those in higher risk neighbourhoods. Self‐control, school performance and neatness/cleanliness were favoured by middle income families. Parents living in industrial/commercial streets devalued school performance, achievement striving and curiosity. Parental occupation and education did not have significant predictive power over and above the contribution of these variables. Reanalysis of the data using Kohn's factor analytic procedure gave the traditional self‐direction/conformity factor, but immigrant status, quality of neighbourhood and income continued to explain more variance than occupation or education. Implications of the findings ar

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538408255093

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Since 1977 there has been considerable debate regarding the relative efficacy of meta‐analysis as a research methodology. The authors implemented a meta‐analysis to examine the question of the nature of the association between self‐perception and performance or achievements levels. The study (128 research studies; 1136 correlations) made us aware of the problems associated with designing and implementing a meta‐analysis. This paper discussed in some detail the problems encountered, namely topic selection, the literature search, coding procedures, sampling the literature, the use of a common metric, the use of significance tests, costs and time involved, and publ

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538408255094

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of the study was to demonstrate that perceived correctness of the contents of items plays a larger role in determining responses to questionnaire items than response tendencies. The design was three‐factorial (2 × 2 × 2) with perceived correctness, social desirability and correspondence to preferred meaning dimensions (i.e., major content categories) as the independent variables, and response extremity as the dependent. There were 144 subjects, 18 in each of the eight conditions. The task consisted of checking whether each of 220 self‐report items was True or False and then marking the extremity of judgement on a 5‐point scale. The findings showed main effects for all three factors: the largest for perceived correctness that accounted for 58% of the variance, and small but comparable ones for the other two, that accounted for 8–9% of the variance. It was argued that item content is the main deteerminant of perceived correctness whereas preferences for particular meaning variables are main determinants of response t

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538408255095

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY