摘要:

It is argued that the inherent ambiguity of the one‐word items in the Wilson C‐scale might make them particularly subject to acquiescent responding. When administered in classroom settings there is already some evidence that the Wilson scale is so affected. In a study of 110 Australian Army conscripts, the Wilson scale was found to show a correlation between its radical and conservative items of only ‐.199. Scored without reversals, it made an acquiescence scale with a reliability of .61. In a second study with 126 Australian Army officers, a revised C‐scale was used but the equivalent statistics were still‐.226 and .60. It is concluded that the Wilson scale may be valid and acquiescence‐free only when personal help is given with the answering o

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537908254651

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined the effect of political similarity between a defendant and simulated jurors on the subjects' assessment of guilt and recommendation of sentence in a political crime. Subjects read evidence presented at two political trials, one a terrorist bombing and the other a politically motivated burglary. In both crimes, the defendant was sometimes identified as a radical leftist and sometimes identified as a member of the radical right. Subjects then rendered verdicts, recommended sentences, and answered questions about their own beliefs. It was found that as objective similarity increased, the probability of finding the defendant guilty decreased in the political burglary (a crime in which there was no loss of life). This effect was not observed in the terrorist bombing (a crime in which there was loss of life). In both crimes there was a tendency for similarity to lead to more punitive sentences when the subject was convinced of the defendant's guilt.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537908254652

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Five structural properties — consensus, role differentiation, fragmentation, status differentiation, and solidarity — were measured by quantitative sociometric procedures on a heterogeneous sample of 104 groups (42 nuclear families, 19 university classes, 22 student peer groups, and 21 patrols of boy scouts and girl guides). Role differentiation, fragmentation, and status differentiation were measured sociometrically with fair reliability. Consensus, role differentiation, status differentiation, and solidarity showed a fair degree of convergent validity when compared with outside informants' and members' judgements of the same group properties, assessed from multiple‐item scales. Discriminant validity was adequate for the measures of role differentiation and status differentiation, but consensus and solidarity were not well enough distinguished by informants to yield adequate discriminant validity for these two sociometric mea

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537908254653

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The evidential and logical status of preference‐for‐signal in the inescapable unmodifiable shock context in rats was examined over a period that has seen the notion of a preference for signalled shock develop from an apparent paradox in the existing conceptual framework of the 1950s to a readily acceptable, established paradigm in the 1970s. The transformation of the phenomenon from paradox to paradigm was found to be unwarranted from an assessment of the merits of symmetrical and asymmetrical preference procedures upon which it was ba

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537908254654

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sixty hospitalized depressed women and 35 women students of comparable age completed the Zung Self‐Rating Depression Scale, the Adult Nowicki‐Strickland 1‐E Scale, the Hopelessness Scale by Beck et al., and a version of Coddington's Life Event Record, Preschool Age Group which included information on the affective tone and perceived control of childhood events. For controls, current internality was related to control of good childhood events while for the patients, externality, depression, and hopelessness were related to bad controlled childhood events. Patients reported greater control of childhood events than did controls, contrary to Seligman's (1975) suggestions regarding the long‐term antecedents of learned helplessness. The tendency of depressives to feel helpless in the present while assuming responsibility for the past is discussed in terms of the possibility that they attribute negative outcomes to stable internal factors and positive outcomes to

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537908254655

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Self‐reported difficulties, in terms of assertive response classes and referent individuals, were analysed across university student and hospital worker female samples. A modified three‐mode common factor analysis model was used to provide information on generalizable (or “idealized”) individual differences, assertive behaviours, and referents, plus an interactional core bounded by these idealized dimensions. Similar two‐dimensional structures were noted for assertive response classes and referents in both samples. The two response class factors were labelled positive and negative assertiveness; the two referent factors were labelled close and distant referents. Sizable variations in individual differences patterns and different interactional core solutions somewhat nullified the precision and utility of these nomothetic behavioural and referent categories. It was concluded that the Difficulty in Assertiveness Inventory (DAI) and, by implication, other self‐report inventories can be used for wideband individual or group assessments, but would probably not be appropriate for individualized therapeutic programme

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537908254656

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

If it is true that gestures can have an important function in the communication of pictorial information then it would be expected that people from high gesture cultures would be relatively disadvantaged if in such communication the use of gestures was inhibited. Previous research has failed to demonstrate this effect. However, that research is open to methodological criticisms. In particular, by allowing subjects to draw a diagram from the description being given by another person at the same time as the description was proceeding rather than when the description was complete, previous researchers have made it possible for subjects to obtain high accuracy by treating the task as one of eye‐hand co‐ordination.In this study, it is demonstrated that subjects from the Italian culture perform significantly better than subjects from the Australian culture when difficult diagrammatic material is being communicated and subjects may commence their drawings only when the diagram is complete. The failure of previous studies to demonstrate a differential effectiveness in the use of gestures by high‐and low‐gesture cultures is attributed to a methodological

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537908254657

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Biofeedback and Behavior. Jackson Beatty and Heiner Legewie (Eds.).Russia 5 Political Hospitals: The Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union. Sidney Bloch and Peter Reddaway. Foreword by Vladimir Bukovsky.The Therapeutic Potential of Marihuana. S. Cohen and R. C. Stillman (Eds.).Human Memory: Basic Processes. Gordon Bower (Ed.).Child Development: Analysis and Synthesis. Joseph H. Di Leo.Psychology Survey No. 1. Brian M. Foss (Ed.).A Manual for Repertory Grid Technique. Fay Fransella, and Don Bannister.New Perspectives in Personal Constrirct Theory. D. Bannister.Human Action and its Psychological Investigation. Alan Gauld and John Shotter.Progress in Behavior ModiJcation, Volume 5. Michel Hersen, Richard M. Eisler and Peter M. Miller.Thinking: Readings in Cognitive Science. P. N. Johnson‐Laird and P. C. Wason (Eds.).Human Judgment and Decision Processes in Applied Settings. Martin F. Kaplan and Steven Schwartz (Eds.).Developmental Psychophysiology of Mental Retardation. Rathe Karrer (Ed.).Psychology of the Planned Community: The New Town Experience. Donald C. Klein (Ed.).A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry. Dennis Leigh, C.M.B. Pare and John Marks (Eds.).Personality: Strategies and Issues (3rd ed.). Robert M. Liebert and Michael S.Fundamentals and Applications of Learning. Melvin H. Marx and Marion E. Bunch (Eds.).Developmental and Learning Disabilities: Evaluation, Management, and Prevention in Children. John H. Meier.Talking in School. Don Novick and Don Water

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537908254658

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY