摘要:

Covert orientation of visual attention was studied in four clinical groups: mild closed head injury (CHI mild), moderate to severe closed head injury (CHI mod/severe), dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Subjects rapidly pressed a button in response to one of two lateral peripheral targets. The target was preceded by a central cue that was either neutral, valid or invalid with respect to target location. A NoGo cue indicated that no response should be made. Whereas the normal control subjects of all age groups showed a benefit in reaction time (RT) to targets in expected locations and a RT cost when targets occurred in the unexpected side of space, both CHI groups showed reduced or no benefit but a normal cost. The PD group showed a reduced cost but normal benefit, and the DAT group were faster in response to targets after valid than invalid cues, but slowest to neutrally cued targets. Analysis of the amplitude of the contingent negative variation (CNV) and the amplitude and latency of the P3 related to targets supported the implication that different mechanisms of visual attention are impaired in these groups with different brain disorders. In the CHI groups, the focusing of attention during the cue‐target interval was impaired. In DAT, division of attention was compromised, and in PD there was poor maintenance of attention. The impairments may be attributed to dysfunction of the distributed brain regions of the cortico‐cortical network subserving visual spatial attent

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259475

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three experiments investigated normal subjects' reactions to pictures of fear‐relevant stimuli (snakes, spiders, guns) and control stimuli (e.g., flowers, rabbits) under threat of electric shock. First‐interval electrodermal responses (FTRs) and shock expectancy ratings were recorded. Experiment 1 demonstrated larger FTRs and expectancy ratings to fear‐relevant stimuli, with and without threat of electric shock. In Experiment 2, trait anxious subjects showed elevated expectancy ratings that were additive with the bias associated with fear‐relevant stimuli. Experiment 3 demonstrated that reactions to fear‐relevant stimuli were not an artefact of the expectancy rating task. There were no substantial differences between biological and technological fear‐relevant stimuli. Overall, the experiments confirm that fear‐relevant stimuli elicit larger reactions in the absence of any specific manipulation, such as conditioning. The results are most consistent with cognitive models that emphasise learning rather than genetic factors, and that attribute electrodermal reactions to elevated expectancy of av

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259476

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ventilation falls at sleep onset as a consequence of the inactivation of a wakefulness specific input to the respiratory system. The magnitude of the difference in ventilation between wakefulness and sleep is thought to be positively related to respiratory instability during subsequent sleep. It is also known that psychological arousal can result in hyperventilation. The present paper evaluates the hypothesis that the mechanism producing hyperventilation to arousing stimuli during wakefulness is the same as that inactivated at sleep onset It was predicted that the magnitude of the fall in ventilation and subsequent respiratory instability would be a function of the subject's presleep arousal level. To test the prediction, presleep cognitive arousal was manipulated in Experiment 1, while anxiety level was varied in Experiment Z Neither manipulation produced hyperventilation immediately before sleep, or affected the magnitude of the fall in ventilation at sleep onset. Experiment 3 reassessed the hypothesis in subjects selected as hyperventilators on the basis of an anxiety‐provoking task presented in the afternoon. However, while subjects hyperventilated in response to the manipulation in the afternoon, they did not do so immediately before sleep. It was concluded that the respiratory response to anxiety‐provoking situations is inhibited in preparation for sleep and that the subsequent fall in ventilation at sleep onset is a consequence of an independent mechan

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259477

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The paper describes aspects of individual variability in Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs) in terms of variability in cortical anatomy. VEPs were obtained from 6 subjects using small circular stimuli, adjusted in size for cortical magnification factor, and presented at various eccentricities along a vertical meridian. The eccentricities were 0°, ±3°, ±5°, ±10°, and −15°. The scalp topography of the first major component of the VEP, at 118 ms poststimulus onset, differed between upper and lower visual field stimulation with a polarity reversal at midline occipital/parietal sites. However, the degree of individual variability made the interpretation of the group averaged response difficult, especially for the 0° and −3° conditions. Using a three concentric sphere model of the head, equivalent dipole sources of the VEPs were estimated. These were interpreted in conjunction with magnetic resonance images of the brain. Results for individual subjects were consistent with the VEP generator lying within primary visual cortex. However, the cruciform model of primary visual cortex anatomy was inadequate as a predictor of these results. The advantages of interpreting individual rather than group averaged data a

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259478

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Changes in forehead and cheek blood flow were monitored in 46 subjects during difficult mental arithmetic, to investigate the effect of anger and pleasure on vascular activity in the face. Subjects were able to earn 5c for each correct answer, although a computer program ensured that subjects did not solve 50% of the mental arithmetic problems. Halfway through the task, subjects either received a bonus of $5, lost $5 from their earnings, or were told to relax quietly. Ratings of anger increased over the course of the task, and ratings of pleasure or amusement increased transiently in subjects who received the bonus. Facial blood flow increased at the onset of mental arithmetic, and cheek blood flow increased after the bonus and after further mental arithmetic. The findings support the popular notion that the face “flushes with joy”. A stronger experimental manipulation is required to determine whether the face “flushes with rage”, although the increase in cheek blood flow toward the end of the mental arithmetic task is consistent with th

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259479

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Information on daytime napping was collected from a sample of 500 healthy Australians aged 65 and over in order to establish the characteristics of this phenomenon in a healthy aged population. The total data set was analysed and then broken down into two subsamples (those on sleep medication and those not on sleep medication) for further analysis. Information was obtained on the following: frequency of napping; duration of napping; time of napping; and nocturnal sleep duration. Results indicated that almost 25% of the group studied took a daily nap and that nap frequency increased with age. The average nap duration was approximately 25 minutes and most subjects chose to nap in the postlunch period. The incidence of napping is higher for those on sleep medication and subjects in this group tend to have longer naps. The length of the nocturnal sleep period averaged 399 minutes over the total sample although those who took regular daytime naps tended to have less nocturnal sleep. It is suggested that napping in the elderly may be a manifestation of a biological tendency toward a polyphasic circadian sleep/wake cycle which is constrained by external demands from childhood to late middle age.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259480

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined perceived parental neglect and overprotection as correlates of self‐reported delinquency in 405 male and 387 female Australian secondary school students under the age of 18. Consistent with the research hypotheses, correlations obtained show that perceptions of low care and high protection, from either fathers or mothers, were associated with higher levels of both male and female delinquency. Results from analyses of variance confirm that adolescents reporting the parental style of affectionless control (neglect plus overprotection) were more delinquent than those with optimal parental bonding (care plus permission of independence). A regression analysis including various parental bonding interactions further shows that maternal care was the most important predictor of delinquency, that paternal care was another significant correlate, and that an interaction effect of paternal neglect and overprotection was found among male adolescent

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259481

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study provides idiographic analyses of profile measures of self‐estimated and measured interests for 1814 high school pupils who were administered an interest inventory (Vocational Interest Survey) and self‐rating scale (Work Interest Survey). Similarity between self‐estimate and measured interest profiles was assessed using the correlation between individual's profiles and the squared Euclidean distance (D2) and its components (elevation, scatter, and shape by scatter). The effects of vocational type, consistency and differentiation of interests derived from Holland's theory of types, as well as 10 individual difference factors (e.g., intelligence, personality, and career development factors) were considered. Results indicated that 93.5% of correlations between self‐estimated and surveyed interests were positive and around 55% were greater than 0.7. It was generally the case that most individuals were able to estimate their surveyed interests fairly accurately, with 942 individuals having almost identical profiles (i.e., D2within 6 units of 0). The importance of profile constructs such as differentiation and consistency for self‐estimate accuracy was hi

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259482

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Race, Intelligence and Bias in AcademePearson, R.Reading AcquisitionGough, P.B., Ehrl, L.C.,&Treiman, R. (Eds.).Social Interaction and the Development of Language and CognitionGarton, Alison.Explanations, Accounts, and IllusionsMcClure, John.The Psychobiology of Obsessive Compulsive DisorderZohar, J., Insel, T.,&Rasmussen, S. (Eds.).Landscapes of Emotion: Mapping the Cultures of Emotion in IndonesiaHeider, K.G.International Review of Studies of Emotion, Volume 1Strongman, Ken. T. (Ed).Anxiety and DepressionMontgomery, Stuart A.Intelligence and Development: A Cognitive TheoryAnderson, M.Assessing Child Maltreatment Reports: The Problem of False AllegationsRobin, M. (Ed.).The Effect of Children on ParentsAmbert, A.M.Emotion: Theory, Research and Experience. Volume 5 Emotion, Psychopathology, and PsychotherapyPlutchik, Robert, and Kellerman, Henry (Eds.).Emotion and Gender: Constructing Meaning From MemoryCrawford, J., Kippax, S., Onyx, J., Gault, T.,&Benton, P.Environment and PsychopathologyGhadirian, A‐M.A.,&Lehmann, H.E. (Eds.).International Review of Studies on Emotion: Volume 2Strongman, K.T. (Ed.).Jung and PhenomenologyBrooke, R.Developing Minds: Challenge and Continuity Across the Life SpanRutter, M.,&Rutter, M.Psychopathology and Cognition. Dobson, K.S.,&Kendall, P.C. (Eds.).The Research ProcessBouma, G.C.Social Psychology Across Cultures: Analysis and PerspectivesSmith, P.B. and Bond, M.H.The Social Psychology of Everyday LifeArgyle, Michae

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259483

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This is a scanned image of the original Editorial Board page(s) for this issue.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259473

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY